Michel Barnier
Michel Barnier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Barnier in 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister of France | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assumed office 5 September 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | Emmanuel Macron | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Gabriel Attal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Michel Jean Barnier 9 January 1951 La Tronche, France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | LR (2015–present) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | UDR (1967–1976) RPR (1976–2002) UMP (2002–2015) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse |
Isabelle Altmayer (m. 1982) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Relatives | Éric and Nicolas Altmayer (brothers-in-law) René Altmayer (grandfather-in-law) Victor Joseph Altmayer (great-grandfather-in-law) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residence(s) | Hôtel Matignon, Paris | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | ESCP Business School | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Occupation | Diplomat • Politician | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Michel Jean Barnier ([miʃɛl baʁnje] ; born 9 January 1951) is a French and former European Union (EU) politician and a Prime Minister of France since 5 September 2024.
A member of a series of Gaullist parties (UDR, RR, UMP, LR), Barnier has served in several French cabinet positions, including as Minister of the Environment from 1993 to 1995, Minister for European Affairs from 1995 to 1997, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2005, and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from 2007 to 2009. At EU level, Barnier was European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services from 2010 to 2014 and vice president of the European People's Party (EPP) from 2010 to 2015. From October 2016 to 2021, he was the EU's chief negotiator on Britain's exit from the European Union.
In August 2021, Barnier announced that he was standing for his party's nomination for President of France in the 2022 presidential election, but later failed to win sufficient support at the 2021 The Republicans congress, placing third. In September 2024, Barnier was appointed as Prime Minister by President Emmanuel Macron following the 2024 snap legislative election.
Following his appointment, the BBC described Barnier as "a committed, patriotic conservative in the tradition of Charles de Gaulle".[1] He is regarded as pro-European with neoliberal economic views. He has advocated for stricter controls on non-European immigration, expanding prison capacity and the introduction of mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes. As a deputy in the National Assembly in the 1980s, he voted for the abolition of capital punishment and against decriminalising same-sex relationships with certain minors.
Early life and education
[edit]Barnier was born at La Tronche in the French Alps, into a Gaullist family in 1951. His father, Jean Barnier,[2] was a leather and textiles craftsman.[3] His mother, Denise Durand, was a practicing member of the Christian left, who founded a local chapter of the Ligue contre la violence routière . Barnier is the youngest of the couple's three sons.[4]
In his youth, Barnier was a scout and choirboy.[3] He graduated from the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris (ESCP) in 1972.[5] During his studies at the ESCP, he was a classmate of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, the future prime minister, and a member of the Conférence Olivaint, a student organisation intended to prepare members for political life.[6][7]
Political career
[edit]National politics
[edit]Barnier served on the staff of various Gaullist ministers in the 1970s, before being elected in 1978, aged 27, to the National Assembly as deputy for the department of Savoie representing the neo-Gaullists, Rally for the Republic (RPR), serving until 1993.[8][9] Barnier became the youngest president of the departmental council of Savoie in 1982, following a deal called the Union for Savoie between right-wing and centrist parties in the council.[10] In 1992, he co-organised the Winter Olympics in Albertville.[11]
![Barnier and Powell, both wearing suits, shake hands in front of wooden doors, with the flags of their respective countries](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2004_05_14_powell-barnier_600.jpg/220px-2004_05_14_powell-barnier_600.jpg)
Barnier first joined the Cabinet as Minister of the Environment following the right's landslide victory in the 1993 legislative election. In 1995, Jacques Chirac appointed him Minister for European Affairs,[12] a role in which he served until the defeat of the presidential majority in the 1997 legislative election.[13] Barnier then served as a European Commissioner for Regional Policy in the Prodi Commission from 1999 until 2004.[14] He subsequently served as Foreign Minister in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government until June 2005 when Dominique de Villepin replaced him with Philippe Douste-Blazy.[15] From 2006 until 2015, Barnier was vice president of the European People's Party.[16] In 2007, under Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency, he re-joined the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture.[5]
In 2016, the investigating judge Sabine Kheris requested that the case of Barnier, Dominique de Villepin and Michèle Alliot-Marie be referred to the Court of Justice of the Republic. The former ministers were suspected of having allowed the exfiltration of the mercenaries responsible for the attack on the Bouaké penal camp during the 2004 Ivory Coast conflict, killing nine French soldiers. Supporters of the Ivorian president Laurent Gbagbo accused the French government of using the attack as a pretext for military retaliation against him.[17]
European politics
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Michel_Barnier_1999_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Michel_Barnier_1999_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Barnier worked in 2006 as a special adviser to José Manuel Barroso, then President of the European Commission, and presented a report to the Council of Ministers proposing the creation of a European civil-protection force.[18] During 2006–2007, he served as member of the Amato Group, a group of high-level European politicians unofficially working on rewriting the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe into what became known as the Treaty of Lisbon following its rejection by French and Dutch voters.[19]
Barnier led the UMP list in Ile-de-France for the 2009 European Parliament election. In February 2010 he was confirmed as European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services.[20][21][22] In charge of European banking system reform, he argued for a "coherent single market with intelligent rules that apply everywhere".[23] As European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, Barnier handled many important issues, such as the reform of the financial sector (40 pieces of legislation between 2010 and 2014), the banking union (starting with European Banking Supervision) and the digital single market.[24]
Barnier stood unsuccessfully for the nomination of the European People's Party to become President of the European Commission in March 2014, losing to Jean-Claude Juncker.[25] He was twice appointed Acting Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship in Antonio Tajani's stead – first from 19 April to 25 May 2014, while Tajani was on electoral campaign leave for the 2014 European Parliament elections, and secondly from 1 July to 16 July 2014, after Tajani was elected and took up his seat.[26][27] From 2015, Barnier served as unpaid special adviser to Juncker on defence policy.[28][29]
Brexit negotiator
[edit]On 27 July 2016, Barnier was announced as the European Commission's chief negotiator with the United Kingdom over leaving the European Union, under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Commenting on the appointment, Juncker said: "I wanted an experienced politician for this difficult job."[30]
From 2019 to 2021, Barnier led the European Commission's Task Force for Relations with the United Kingdom (UK Task Force/UKTF).[31][32][33] He was the main negotiator for the 2020 trade deal talks between the UK and EU,[34] receiving his negotiating mandate from the European Council on 25 February 2020.[35]
In January 2021, Barnier was appointed special adviser to President Ursula von der Leyen overseeing the ratification of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, under new arrangements that handed responsibility for implementing the agreement to Vice President Maroš Šefčovič.[36][37]
2022 presidential campaign
[edit]In February 2021, Barnier set up a political faction within the Republicans under the name "Patriot and European" in preparation for a possible bid in the 2022 presidential election.[38][39]
On 27 August 2021, Barnier launched his presidential campaign. At the party's 2021 congress in December, he placed third in the first round of voting with 23.93% of the vote, after Éric Ciotti (on 25.59%) and Valérie Pécresse (on 25.00%); he subsequently endorsed Pécresse.[40] Pécresse was nominated in the second round with 61% of the vote, and proceeded to place in fifth place in the first round of the presidential election, the worst result ever recorded by the Republicans or their Gaullist predecessors[41] She endorsed Macron for the second round of the election.[42] After his defeat, Barnier retreated from front-line politics for most of the three following years.[1][43]
Prime Minister of France
[edit]Following gains by opposition parties in the legislative elections called by President Emmanuel Macron in the summer of 2024, the prime minister, Gabriel Attal, resigned. Macron initially refused his resignation, but accepted it on 16 July.[44] On 5 September, Barnier was appointed as prime minister by Macron.[45] The period between Attal's resignation and Barnier's appointment was the longest period that the French Fifth Republic had spent without a prime minister.[43] Barnier is the oldest prime minister in modern French history. Dominique Moïsi, a French political scientist, described Barnier as a compromise candidate, chosen to be be acceptable to parties from the centre, the right and the far right.[46]
Barnier is faced with a National Assembly divided nearly evenly into three blocs: the leftist New Popular Front with a plurality of seats, Macron's centrist to centre-right Ensemble, and the far-right National Rally.[45][47] Marine Le Pen, the leader of National Rally, praised Barnier as "respectful of National Rally voters", but expressed caution as to his legislative agenda. The New Popular Front rejected Barnier's appointment and called for demonstrations against Macron. Olivier Faure, the leader of the Socialist Party, accused Macron of a "denial of democracy".[43] Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the leader of the left-wing La France Insoumise, said that Barnier's appointment had "stolen" the election.[48]
Political positions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Brexit_the_time_has_come_for_the_UK_to_clarify_its_position_%2831824571947%29.jpg/220px-Brexit_the_time_has_come_for_the_UK_to_clarify_its_position_%2831824571947%29.jpg)
Following his appointment as prime minister in 2024, the BBC described Barnier as "a committed, patriotic conservative in the tradition of ... Charles de Gaulle".[1] In a conversation with Politico during July 2024, after the July 7th snap election, Barnier said France’s most pressing issues were immigration, the state of its public finances and rebuilding its industrial and agricultural capacities.[49] Upon his appointment as prime minister, he listed his main priorities as education, security and immigration control.[48]
During his 2021 presidential campaign, Barnier stated he would be in favour of proposing a referendum on whether to tighten the legal framework for immigration in France. As a candidate, he stated his intention in “putting a stop to non-European immigration for three to five years,” during an interview with French weekly magazine Le Point.[49] He proposed to "immediately stop regularizations, rigorously limit family reunification, reduce the reception of foreign students and the systematic execution of the double penalty".[50][52] He also proposed expanding prison capacity by 20,000 and imposing mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes.[49]
On economic issues, Barnier has been characterised as close to the neoliberal policies of Emmanuel Macron, including the reduction of taxes and business regulation. As a presidential candidate, Barnier proposed cutting production taxes by €10 billion,[49] raising the retirement age from 62 to 65, lengthening the working week and tightening the conditions for access to social assistance.[50]
Barnier is regarded as pro-European, as supporting NATO, and as favouring support for Ukraine in its war against Russia.[46] He was described as a "Euro-ecstatic" by François Cornut-Gentille, his supporter and colleague in the Republicans.[49] During his presidential campaign, many media organizations commented that Barnier sounded like a Eurosceptic and Brexit supporter, contradicting previous positions he had taken on the matter.[53][54]
In 1981, Barnier voted for the abolition of capital punishment, following a number of other right-wing deputies in breaking party instructions not to do so.[55] In the same year, he was among the conservative politicians, including Jacques Chirac and François Fillon, who voted against decriminalizing same-sex relationships involving people between 15 and 18 years of age, which were legal for mixed-sex couples.[56] He has made few statements on same-sex relations in the years since.[49]
Other activities
[edit]Barnier has been a member of the Sustainability and Legacy Commission of the International Olympic Committee,[57] and of the board of trustees of Friends of Europe, a Brussels-based think tank.[58] In 2021, he published My Secret Brexit Diary, a memoir of the EU's negotiations with the UK during its withdrawal from the bloc.[59]
In 1982, Barnier married Isabelle Altmayer, a lawyer; they have three adult children.[60][1]
Honours and decorations
[edit]National honours
[edit]: Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur[61]
: Commander of the Ordre du Mérite Maritime[62]
Foreign honours
[edit]: Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Uruguay)[63]
: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal)[64]
: Order of the Star (Romania)[65]
References
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External links
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