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Eluru

Coordinates: 16°42′42″N 81°06′11″E / 16.71167°N 81.10306°E / 16.71167; 81.10306
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This article is about the city in Andhra pradesh, India. For other uses, see Eluru (disambiguation).

Eluru
Helapuri
Municipal Corporation
Clockwise from top: District Collectorate of Eluru district, Eluru railway station, Sunset at Kolleru Lake, Eluru Buddha Park, Gopuram of Sanivarapupeta temple ang NH16 near Eluru
Motto: 
Truth always Triumphs
Eluru is located in Andhra Pradesh
Eluru
Eluru
Coordinates: 16°42′42″N 81°06′11″E / 16.71167°N 81.10306°E / 16.71167; 81.10306
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictEluru
Founded2nd century
Incorporated (town)1866
Incorporated (city)9 April 2005
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyEluru Municipal Corporation, EUDA
 • M.PPutta Mahesh Kumar (T.D.P)
 • M.L.ARadha Krishnayya Badeti (T.D.P)
Area
[2]
 • Municipal Corporation11.52 km2 (4.45 sq mi)
 • Urban
154 km2 (59 sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
3,328.99 km2 (1,285.33 sq mi)
Elevation
22 m (72 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipal Corporation214,414[1]
 • Rank12th (in state)
 • Metro
2,760,160[3]
Demonym(s)Elurian, Elurite, Helapuree
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
534***
Telephone code+91–08812
Vehicle registrationAP-39
Websiteeluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en

Eluru (/ˈɛlʊruː/ eh-loo-roo) is a city and the district headquarters of Eluru district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 14 municipal corporations in the state and the mandal headquarters of Eluru mandal in the Eluru revenue division. Situated on the banks of the Tammileru River, Eluru is strategically positioned in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh. As of 2011 Census of India, the city had a population of 214,414, reflecting its status as a major urban center. The city’s historical significance dates back to the second century CE, with evidence of its ancient roots found in various archaeological sites and historical records. The city’s colonial heritage is reflected in its architecture, with several buildings from the British era still in use today. The city plays a crucial role in regional commerce, Eluru is renowned primarily for its pile carpets, though it also manufactures textiles and leather goods. Additionally, the city serves as a key trade hub for fresh water fish, rice, oilseeds, tobacco, and sugar. Eluru’s educational landscape includes several notable institutions, such as ASRAM Medical college, Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions, etc, which contribute to the city's reputation as a center for learning.

History

[edit]

Toponymy

[edit]

It was a part of the Vengi Kingdom.[4] During the rule of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi, it was the capital city and was known as 'Helapuri'.[5] It was also known as 'Ellore'.[6] To distinguish with Vellore, which was having same pronunciation during Nizam rule, Ellore was referred as Uppu Ellore (i.e. Salt Ellore), while the former one was referred as Ra Vellore or Raya Vellore.[7]

Early and medieval history

[edit]
Historical affiliations
Map of Andhra Pradesh prior to Independence
There were 25 inscriptions of Vengi Chalukyas found on these pillars of Mandapam at Kotadibba, (Eluru Fort Land)

The history of Eluru dates back to the second century CE and has great prominence in the history of Andhra. Vengi near Eluru was the capital of Andhra from the second century to the twelfth century, ruled by Salankayanas, Vishnukudinas, and Eastern Chalukyas. Vengi was the capital city of Andhradesa for more years than any other city in Andhra Pradesh. Eluru was part of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi.

The Salankayanas ruled from the third to the fifth century CE, with their domain centered around the Vengi region and Eluru serving as their capital.[8] Known as Šalaňkayana after their Gotra name, they were feudatories of the Ikshvakus. The historical significance of the Salankayanas is highlighted by the inscription of their first known king, Devavarman, in Eluru (Ellore), where he recorded performing the Ashvamedha sacrifice to mark his successful establishment of the kingdom.[9] The Salankayanas are considered one of the elusive kingdoms of Andhra, with their timeline corroborated by references in the Samudra Gupta inscription mentioning Hastivarman of Vengi.[10]

In the late fifth century, the Salankayanas were conquered by Madhavarma II of the Vishnukundinas. During the reign of Madhava Varma the Great, they became independent and conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and might have shifted their capital to a place in coastal Andhra.[11] Eluru was a major city of the Vishnukundinas.[12] Vishnukundin reign might be fixed between the end of the Salankayana and the rise of the Eastern Chalukyan power in 624 AD.[13]

Eastern Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Vengi, were a dynasty of South India whose kingdom was in the present day Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was Vengi near Eluru and their dynasty lasted around 500 years from the seventh century until c. 1130 C.E., when the Vengi kingdom merged with the Chola empire.[14] The Vengi kingdom continued to be ruled by the Eastern Chalukyas (Eastern Chalukyan kings) under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 C.E., when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas. They had their capital originally at Vengi, now Pedavegi, near Eluru of the West Godavari district and was later changed to Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry).

Eluru was captured by the Kakatiyas and then became a part of the Kalinga Empire until 1471 C.E.. Later, it fell into the hands of the Gajapatis. In 1515, Srikrishnadevaraya captured it. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Kingdom, The region fell under Golkonda Sultan in c. 1565 C.E. and subsequently became part of the Mughal Empire in 1687. Following the Mughal decline, local zamindars gained power. Mohammedans built the fort at Eluru from the ruins of Vengi.[15]

Modern history

[edit]

Between 1750 and 1850, the Northern Coromandel region, including Eluru, witnessed significant political and administrative changes. In 1724, the region was integrated into the Nizam of Hyderabad's dominion. By 1753, the Northern Circars, including Eluru, were ceded to the French East India Company by Nizam-ul-Mulk Salabat Jung, the fourth Nizam of Hyderabad.[16] In the mid-18th century, the power struggle between the French and British East India Companies significantly impacted the region around Eluru. By December 1758, during the Carnatic wars, British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Forde began a series of military operations in the Northern Circars, including the area around Eluru. This was part of a broader strategy to weaken the French position in the Deccan and support local allies. On October 20, 1758, British troops arrived at Visakhapatnam, subsequently advancing to Eluru. By February 6, 1759, British forces reached Eluru, and by March 3, they neared Masulipatnam. The French commander, Conflaus, had sought assistance from the Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung, but British pressure led to the eventual surrender of Masulipatnam on April 8, 1759. The victory at Masulipatnam and the subsequent retreat of French forces marked a turning point. In the Treaty of 14 May 1759, Nizam Salabat Jung ceded the Northern Circars, including Eluru, to the British. This treaty solidified British control in the region and significantly diminished French influence. In 1766, a treaty was signed between the Nizam and the British East India Company, formalizing the lease of the Northern Circars, including Eluru, to the British. This agreement was part of a broader strategy by the British to secure their interests in the region and stabilize their position against other regional powers.[17]

During British rule, Eluru was a military station and the capital city of Northern Circars, a division of the Madras Presidency.[18][19] In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823.[20] It was reorganized in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Machilipatnam districts. Eluru was a part of Machilipatnam district after the division of the Northern Circars. In 1859, it was included in the Godavari district; later, it was made a part of the Krishna district. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of the Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Eluru became the headquarters of West Godavari.[21]

Eluru outbreak

[edit]
Main article: Eluru outbreak

On December 4, 2020, Eluru, a town in southern India, experienced an outbreak of neurological symptoms, including seizures and loss of consciousness. Within three days, approximately 400 people were affected. A multidisciplinary team from [Institute Name] was dispatched to investigate the outbreak. The team collected biological samples, including blood and urine, from 112 participants, comprising 103 cases (77 active cases and 26 recovered) and 9 controls. Water and food samples were also gathered to identify potential sources of contamination.[22] Analysis revealed that Triazophos, an organophosphate pesticide, was present in 74% of blood samples and its metabolites in 98% of urine samples from affected individuals. Heavy metals, including lead and mercury, were within permissible limits, and no mycotoxins were detected in food samples. While municipal water sources were free of pesticides, household water contained Triazophos at an average concentration of 1.00 µg/L.[23] The investigation concluded that Triazophos pesticide contamination in household drinking water was the likely cause of the outbreak. Recommendations included enhanced surveillance for residual pesticides in soil, water, and food, as well as an intersectoral approach involving government and public health agencies to identify contamination sources. Promoting rational pesticide use and conducting educational programs were also advised to prevent future outbreaks.[24]

Geography

[edit]
Tammileru river at Ashok nagar during floods in 2020

Eluru is situated at 16°42′42″N 81°06′11″E / 16.71167°N 81.10306°E / 16.71167; 81.10306, with an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) from the sea level. It is located on the Eastern coastal plains, approximately midway between the Krishna and Godavari rivers and about 50 kilometers inland from the Bay of Bengal.[25] The city's geography is notably shaped by its proximity to several significant water bodies. The Tammileru River flows through Eluru and ultimately empties into Kolleru Lake, a large freshwater lake situated near the city. Kolleru Lake is crucial for local agriculture and wildlife, serving as an important ecological and economic resource.[26] The Eluru Canal, a part of National Waterway 4, runs through the city and serves as a major irrigation and waterway. This canal is a crucial part of the region's water management system, transporting water from the Krishna River and facilitating irrigation for the surrounding agricultural areas.[21]

Climate

[edit]

Eluru experiences hot and humid climate due to its proximity to the shore of Bay of Bengal. It has an average annual temperature of 28.2 °C (82.8 °F). May is the hottest and December is the coolest month of the year. Temperature crosses 40 °C (104 °F) in summer.[27] July receives most precipitation and annually the city receives an average rainfall of 992 mm (39.1 in).[28]

Climate data for Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.1
(84.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		36.9
(98.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.8
(91.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		23.6
(74.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 3
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		14
(0.6) 		40
(1.6) 		123
(4.8) 		229
(9.0) 		186
(7.3) 		170
(6.7) 		166
(6.5) 		40
(1.6) 		9
(0.4) 		992
(39)
Source: en.climate-data.org

Demographics

[edit]
Religions in Eluru[29]
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 89.51%
Muslim
 
 7.02%
Christians
 
 2.74%
Others†
 
 0.72%
†Includes Sikhs, Jains

As of 2011 census of India, Eluru Municipal Corporation had a population of 214,414 of which 105,707 were male and 108,707 female,[1] whilst Eluru urban agglomeration had a population of 250,693.[30] The estimated city population during 2015–16, period was 350,000.[31][32]

Governance

[edit]
A view of Police Quarters from Hotel Grand Arya

Civic administration

[edit]

Eluru Municipal Corporation is the civic body of Eluru. It was first constituted as a municipality in 1866.[33] It was upgraded to Municipal Corporation on 9 April 2005 from selection grade municipality.[5] It is spread over an area of 14.50 km2 (5.60 sq mi) with 50 wards.[2]

The present Municipal Commissioner of the city is Y.Sai Sreekanth and the Mayor is Shaik Noorjahan.[34] In 2015, as per the 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' of the Ministry of Urban Development, Eluru Municipal Corporation was ranked 249th in the country.[35]

Eluru urban agglomeration is spread over an area of 23.85 km2 (9.21 sq mi) and its constituents include Eluru municipal corporation, census towns of Sanivarapupeta, Satrampadu, Gavaravaram, Tangellamudi, and partly out growths of Komadavole, Eluru (rural) villages.[36][37]: 54 

Law and order in Eluru is maintained with the help of eight police stations, which includes one woman and one traffic police station. These are under the jurisdiction of the 'Additional Judicial First Class Magistrate'.[38]

Politics

[edit]

Eluru (Assembly constituency) is one of the constituencies for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Radha Krishnayya Badeti is the present MLA of the constituency from Telugu Desam Party.[39] The constituency falls under Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency) which was won by Putta Mahesh Kumar of the same party.[40][41]

Here are the List of Members of Legislative Assembly from Eluru Assembly Constituency.

List of Members of Legislative Assembly from Eluru Assembly Constituency.
S.No. Year Elected Name of Member Political Affiliation
1 1952 Garapati Satyanarayana Communist Party of India
2 1955 Seerla Brahmayya Indian National Congress
3 1962 Attuluri Sarwesvara Rao Communist Party of India
4 1967 M. Venkatanarayana Indian National Congress
5 1972 Amanaganti Sriramulu Independent
6 1978 Nalabati Surya Prakasa Rao Indian National Congress (I)
7 1983 Chennakesavulu Ranga Rao Telugu Desam Party
8 1985 Maradani Ranga Rao
9 1989 Nerella Raja Indian National Congress
10 1994 Maradani Ranga Rao Telugu Desam Party
11 1999 Ambica Krishna
12 2004 Alla Kali Krishna Srinivas (Alla Nani) Indian National Congress
13 2009
14 2014 Badeti Kota Rama Rao (Bujji) Telugu Desam Party
15 2019 Alla Kali Krishna Srinivas (Alla Nani) YSR Congress Party
16 2024 Radha Krishnayya Badeti Telugu Desam Party

Economy

[edit]
CMR Central: A Multiplex mall

Since the 17th century, Eluru was known for rug weaving, derived from weavers of Iranian descendants.[6] R.R.Pet, Powerpet, Eluru 1-Town area are the commercial centres.[42] Tangellamudi, Sanivarapupeta and Lakshavarapupeta areas of the city are known for the wool pile carpet industry. The eco-friendly carpets are exported to countries like the United States, Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom.[43][44]

Government allotted 1.416 km2 (0.547 sq mi) of land near Vatluru and Bhogapuram for a light combat aircraft manufacturing facility[45] which is estimated to cost about ₹2,135 billion (US$26 billion).[46]

Culture

[edit]
St. Paul's Lutheran Church near Ameenapet Police Quarters
Lord Venkateswara Temple in RR Pet

An antique museum is being set up in the city, that will preserve prehistoric tools, idols, and elements found in the archaeological excavations near the city.[47][48][49]

Notable people

[edit]
List of Notable People From Eluru
Sl.No. Name Occupation Reference
1 Kommareddi Suryanarayana Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha member in Indian Parliament; Indian freedom activist
2 Murali Mohan Member of Parliament; Telugu film actor, producer, and business executive [50]
3 Duvvuri Subbarao Economist; 22nd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India [51]
4 Muhammad Shahabuddin Judge, Federal Court of Pakistan; Governor, East Pakistan [52]
5 Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu Lawyer; professor; Justice Party leader; Governor and Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
6 Chodagam Ammanna Raja Indian freedom movement activist; Rajya Sabha member
7 Mothey Vedakumari Parliamentarian; singer
8 V. S. Ramadevi First woman to become Chief Election Commissioner of India
9 Pawan Kumar Former cricketer for Andhra and Hyderabad
10 L. V. Prasad Film producer; actor; director; cinematographer; businessman [53]
11 Pasupuleti Kannamba Actress; playback singer; film producer of Telugu cinema
12 Vijaya Bapineedu Magazine editor; film screenwriter; director
13 V. N. Aditya Film director; screenwriter
14 Sekhar Kammula Film director; screenwriter; producer
15 Silk Smitha Film actress [54]
16 Naga Shaurya Film actor [55]
17 Shanmukha Srinivas Film actor; Kuchipudi dancer
18 Arvind Krishna Chairman and CEO of IBM [56]

Cityscape

[edit]
View of Buddha Statue

Eluru Buddha Park is in the city and is notable for its 74 ft (23 m) Buddha statue in the Abhaya posture, in the heart of Gaja Vallivari Cheruvu tank which was used as drinking water source for elephants in the Ancient Era.[57]

Kolleru Lake is a very large (30,855 hectares [100 sq mi] to 90,100 hectares [300 sq mi]) but shallow fresh-water lake, about 15 km from the city. The lake is known for attracting migratory birds from Northern Europe and Northern Asia during the months of October–March and is designated as the Kolleru Bird Sanctuary. As of 2018, the water level has been low in recent years.[58][59][60]

The "Holy Land" of Israel has been replicated on the premises of Fr. Silvio Pasquali Memorial Convent at Duggirala on the city outskirts.[61]

Neighbourhoods

[edit]
Fire Station Center - Eluru

The city has neighbourhoods including Ramachandrarao Pet (R.R. Pet), Narasimharao Pet (N.R. Pet),[66] Pathebada,[67] One-Town (1-Town), Powerpet, Satrampadu, Sanivarapupeta, Vatluru, Denduluru, Akividu, Pedapadu.

Transport & Connectivity

[edit]
Main article: Transport in Eluru
Eluru Entrance Board Vijayawada Side

Public transport systems in the city and for long-distance travel include government run APSRTC buses, privately operated auto rickshaws, cabs, mini-buses etc. Every day, around 4000 auto rickshaws flee on city roads.[68] National Highway 16, a part of Asian Highway 45 and Golden Quadrilateral highway network, bypasses the city and connects Kolkata with Chennai.[69][70] GNT Road, Mini-Bypass Road, Canal Road and Sanivarapupeta Road are the major internal arterial roads. The city has a total road length of 227.09 km (141.11 mi).[71]

National Highway 16 and Eluru canal near Eluru

NH216A, is a Spur road of NH16 starts from Eluru Bypass near vatluru connecting Gundugolanu, Bhimadole, Pulla, Kaikaram, Chebrolu, Unguturu, Tadepalligudem, Duvva, Tanuku, Peravali, Khanadavalli, Siddantham, Ravulapalem, Vemagiri, Kadiyapulanka and ends at Rajahmundry .

APSRTC operates its bus services from Eluru Old and Eluru New bus stations[72][73] to parts of the State Vijayawada, Rajahmundry, Guntur, Nellore, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati, Srikakulam, Tekkali Palasa, Tanuku, Annavaram, Tadepalligudem, Kovvur, Kakinada, Tuni, vizianagaram, Salur, Parvathipuram, Palakonda Kaikaluru, Bhimavaram, Palakollu, Narsapuram, Gudivada, Machilipatnam, Jangareddigudem, Nuzvid, Hanuman junction, Srisailam, Narsaraopeta, Ongole, and to other states (mostly Hyderabad, Khammam, Bhadrachalam, Aswaraopeta, Banglore, Gangavathi, Raichuru).[74] State Highway 43 and State Highway 44 connect Eluru with Sathupalli and Jangareddygudem respectively.[75]

Eluru railway station is classified as an 'A–category station' in the Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway zone.[76][77] Apart from the main station, other stations that serve the city include Powerpet, Denduluru and Vatluru. All these stations are on the Howrah-Chennai main line. Eluru is one of the top 100 booking stations of Indian railways. Nearest Airport to Eluru city is Gannavaram Airport which is 35 km from Eluru City.[citation needed]

Indian National Waterway 4 (NW-4) is under development. It runs along the Northern Circars through Kakinada, Rajamahendravaram, Eluru, Commanur, Buckingham Canal, and part of the Krishna and Godavari rivers in South India.[78]

Sports

[edit]
Alluri Sita Ramaraju aka ASR Stadium

Cricket and soccer are the most popular sports in the city. Presently, the city has four stadium out of which Indoor Stadium and ASR Stadium hosted for Ranji Trophy in 1977. Other popular stadiums are Helapuri grounds, C.R. Reddy Cricket Stadium.

Alluri Sitarama Raju Stadium

[edit]

ASR stadium is located at 16°43′8″N 81°6′58″E / 16.71889°N 81.11611°E / 16.71889; 81.11611.[79][80] It had earlier hosted a Ranji Trophy match, handball, football and hockey tournaments.[80] The ground first held a single first-class match in 1976 when Andhra Pradesh played Hyderabad in the 1976/77 Ranji Trophy,[81] which ended in a draw.[82] It held Finals of Football League of West Godavari Matches in 2016. Current DSDO is Syed Azeez.[83]

Education

[edit]

Eluru plays a major role in education for urban and rural students from nearby villages.[84] It has an average literacy rate of 83.90% with, according to the 2011 census, a total number of 155,894 who are literate. This includes, 80,434 men (88.13%) and 75,460 women (79.82%).[85]

Primary and secondary school education is provided by government, aided, and private schools, under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.[86] According to the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the urban area has around 160 schools. These include government, residential, private, municipal, and other types of schools. There are more than 100 private schools and 49 municipal schools.[87] There are more than 30,000 students in these schools.[88]

Instruction is in English, Urdu, and Telugu.

Sri Chintalapati Varaprasada Murthy Raju was the founder of Chintalpati Satyavathi Devi College (St. Therisa College) and three high schools in the name of Indian freedom fighters: Kasturiba Girls High School, Balagangadhar Tilak Oriental for Sanskrit, Duggirala Gopal Krishnayya. Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad High School (the only school with Urdu as medium of instruction in the district).[84] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate, or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the types of syllabus followed by schools.

The government plans to set up Municipal Corporation Junior College in the city.[89] Eluru city has ASRAM Medical college, St Joseph Dental College, Sir C.R. Reddy Degree College, Sir C.R. Reddy College of Engineering,[90] Eluru College of Engineering and Technology, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Nova College, Helapuri Engineering College are Engineering colleges present in and around Eluru.

Sir C.R. Reddy College, situated in Eluru, has had many famous celebrity graduates. A few of them are Ghattamaneni Krishna, an actor in Telugu cinema and also Member of Parliament, Kota Srinivasa Rao, also an actor in Telugu Cinema and Member of the Legislative Assembly, D Subbarao, the former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, etc.

Research Institutions

[edit]

The city is home to the Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research.[91]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Municipality Profile | Eluru Municipal Corporation". eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b Constitution of Eluru Urban Development Authority (EUDA) with Head Quarters at Eluru (PDF). Amaravati: Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2019. p. 3.
  4. ^ Neelameggham, Indra (11 August 2022). Ponniyin Selvan in English - Ponni's Beloved Part I New Floods: 2022 Edition of First translation of Kalki's Tamil work in English done in 1990-94. Indra Neelameggham.
  5. ^ a b Unnisa, Syeda Azeem; Rav, S. Bhupatthi, eds. (2013). Sustainable solid waste management (Online-Ausg. ed.). Toronto: Apple Academic Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-926895-24-6. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  6. ^ a b Stone, Peter F. (19 November 2013). Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-1184-4. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  7. ^ Charles Philip Brown (1852). "English Translations of the Exercises and Documents Printed in the Telugu Reader". C.M. Pereyra, at the Price Current Pres. p. 57.
  8. ^ "Vijayawada set to regain pre-eminence as Andhra Pradesh's capital". The Times of India. 4 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  9. ^ Mangalam, S. J. "VĒṄGI — A STUDY ON ITS HISTORICITY AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY". Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune. Vol. 39 (1980) (39): 98 – via JSTOR. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ "Controversies in History: Vengi".
  11. ^ "Archeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  12. ^ "The Sampradaya Sun – Independent Vaisnava News – Feature Stories – May 2015". www.harekrsna.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017.
  13. ^ "EASTERN CHALUKYAS". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  14. ^ "West Godavari district, irrigated by two mighty rivers, is on the road to agricultural prosperity thanks to various schemes". 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  15. ^ Francis, W. (1 January 2002). "Gazetteer of South India". Mittal Publications – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Swarnalatha, P. (2005). The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, C.1750-c.1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 11. ISBN 978-81-250-2868-0.
  17. ^ 1. Goel 2. Pande 3. Madhavi 4. Parveen, 1. A K 2. Rekha 3. Ravulapati 4. Zareena (August 2023). Telangana Land and People (Volume 3 ed.). Hyderabad: Dr MCR Human Resource Development Institute, Hyderabad. pp. 104, 105, 106, 107. ISBN 978-81-957545-2-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ellore" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 294.
  19. ^ Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1885). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Trübner & Company. pp. 351–352.
  20. ^ Bhaskar, B. v s (8 June 2014). "Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021 – via www.thehindu.com.
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