Lists of earthquakes
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/400px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png)
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history. Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.
Lists by time period
[edit]By century
[edit]By decade
[edit]By year
[edit]- 1900
- 1901
- 1902
- 1903
- 1904
- 1905
- 1906
- 1907
- 1908
- 1909
- 1910
- 1911
- 1912
- 1913
- 1914
- 1915
- 1916
- 1917
- 1918
- 1919
- 1920
- 1921
- 1922
- 1923
- 1924
- 1925
- 1926
- 1927
- 1928
- 1929
- 1930
- 1931
- 1932
- 1933
- 1934
- 1935
- 1936
- 1937
- 1938
- 1939
- 1940
- 1941
- 1942
- 1943
- 1944
- 1945
- 1946
- 1947
- 1948
- 1949
- 1950
- 1951
- 1952
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1957
- 1958
- 1959
- 1960
- 1961
- 1962
- 1963
- 1964
- 1965
- 1966
- 1967
- 1968
- 1969
- 1970
- 1971
- 1972
- 1973
- 1974
- 1975
- 1976
- 1977
- 1978
- 1979
- 1980
- 1981
- 1982
- 1983
- 1984
- 1985
- 1986
- 1987
- 1988
- 1989
- 1990
- 1991
- 1992
- 1993
- 1994
- 1995
- 1996
- 1997
- 1998
- 1999
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2006
- 2007
- 2008
- 2009
- 2010
- 2011
- 2012
- 2013
- 2014
- 2015
- 2016
- 2017
- 2018
- 2019
- 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
Lists by location
[edit]By country
[edit]- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Dominican Republic
- East Timor
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- France
- Fiji
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guam
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Italy
- Japan
- Kosovo
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Philippines
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Samoa
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Turkey
- United States
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Yemen
By region
[edit]Deadliest earthquakes
[edit]The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths.[1] The 893 Ardabil earthquake probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[2] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[3]
Rank | Event | Date | Location | Fatalities | Magnitude | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | July 28, 1976 | ![]() |
242,769–700,000+ | 7.6 | Official casualty figure is 242,769 deaths. Estimated death toll as high as 655,000. 799,000 injured.[4][5] |
2 | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | December 16, 1920 | ![]() |
273,400 | 7.8 | Previously cited death toll was 230,000 and this figure was revised in 2010.[6][7] |
3 | 526 Antioch earthquake | May 21, 526 | ![]() |
250,000[8] | 7.0[9] | Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus. |
4 | 1139 Ganja earthquake | September 30, 1139 | Ganja, Seljuk Empire (modern-day ![]() |
230,000–300,000[10] | 7.0 Mw | Death toll may have been a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in the Jazira plain and the 1138 Aleppo earthquake.[11] |
5 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | December 26, 2004 | ![]() |
227,898 | 9.1–9.3 | Death toll includes those missing and presumed dead.[10] |
6 | 1138 Aleppo earthquake | October 11, 1138 | Aleppo, Seljuk Empire (modern-day ![]() |
130,000–230,000[12] | 7.1[12] | The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the 1139 Ganja earthquakein the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[11] |
7 | 2010 Haiti earthquake | January 12, 2010 | ![]() |
100,000–316,000 | 7.0 | Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[13] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[14][15] |
8 | 1303 Hongdong earthquake | July 25, 1303 | Shanxi, Yuan dynasty (modern-day ![]() |
200,000[16] | 8.0 | Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled. |
9 | 856 Damghan earthquake | December 22, 856 | Damghan, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day ![]() |
200,000 | 7.9 Ms | |
10 | 533 Aleppo earthquake | November 29, 533 | ![]() |
130,000[17] | Unknown | |
11 | 1948 Ashgabat earthquake | October 6, 1948 | ![]() |
110,000 | 7.3 Ms | Previously cited death toll was 10,000 until a news release on December 9, 1988 advised that the correct death toll was 110,000.[10] |
12 | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake | September 1, 1923 | ![]() |
105,385[18] | 7.9 | This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[19] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost 2 feet (0.61 m) forward. Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ≈40,000 missing later presumed dead. |
13 | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | January 23, 1556 | Shaanxi, China | 100,000+ | 8.0 | Direct deaths thought to be just over 100,000 while about 730,000 people died from famines or migrated elsewhere.[20][21][22][23] |
14 | 1290 Zhili earthquake | September 27, 1290 | Ningcheng, Yuan dynasty (modern-day ![]() |
100,000 | 6.8 Ms | Estimates also suggests lower values of at least 7,000.[24] |
Deadliest earthquakes by year
[edit]Largest earthquakes by magnitude
[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Graph_of_largest_earthquakes_1906-2005.png/400px-Graph_of_largest_earthquakes_1906-2005.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg/400px-USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg.png)
For those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[33]
Rank | Date | Location | Event | Magnitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | May 22, 1960 | ![]() |
1960 Valdivia earthquake | 9.4–9.6 |
2 | March 27, 1964 | ![]() |
1964 Alaska earthquake | 9.2–9.3[34] |
3 | December 26, 2004 | ![]() |
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | 9.2–9.3[35][36] |
4 | March 11, 2011 | ![]() |
2011 Tōhoku earthquake | 9.0–9.1[37][38] |
5 | November 4, 1952 | ![]() |
1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake | 9.0 |
6 | January 31, 1906 | ![]() ![]() |
1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake | 8.8 |
7 | February 27, 2010 | ![]() |
2010 Chile earthquake | 8.8 |
8 | February 3, 1965 | ![]() |
1965 Rat Islands earthquake | 8.7 |
9 | August 15, 1950 | ![]() ![]() |
1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake | 8.6–8.7[39] |
10 | April 1, 1946 | ![]() |
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake | 8.6 |
11 | March 28, 2005 | ![]() |
2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake | 8.6 |
12 | March 9, 1957 | ![]() |
1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake | 8.6 |
13 | April 11, 2012 | ![]() |
2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes | 8.6 |
14 | November 10, 1922 | ![]() |
1922 Vallenar earthquake | 8.5–8.6 |
15 | February 1, 1938 | ![]() |
1938 Banda Sea earthquake | 8.5–8.6 |
16 | October 13, 1963 | ![]() |
1963 Kuril Islands earthquake | 8.5 |
Pre-instrumental earthquakes
[edit]Date | Location | Event | Magnitude |
---|---|---|---|
July 8, 1730 | ![]() |
1730 Valparaíso earthquake | 9.1–9.3 (est.)[40] |
October 17, 1737 | ![]() |
1737 Kamchatka earthquake | 9.0–9.3 (est.) |
November 17, 1837 | ![]() |
1837 Valdivia earthquake | 8.8–9.5 (est.)[41] |
August 31, 1420 | ![]() |
1420 Caldera earthquake | 8.8–9.4 (est.) |
December 16, 1575 | ![]() |
1575 Valdivia earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
November 24, 1604 | ![]() |
1604 Arica earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
October 28, 1707 | ![]() |
1707 Hōei earthquake | 8.7–9.3 (est.) [42] |
November 25, 1833 | ![]() |
1833 Sumatra earthquake | 8.8–9.2 (est.) |
May 17, 1841 | ![]() |
1841 Kamchatka earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
January 26, 1700 | ![]() ![]() |
1700 Cascadia earthquake | 8.7–9.2 (est.) |
August 13, 1868 | ![]() |
1868 Arica earthquake | 8.5–9.3 (est.) |
July 13, 869 | ![]() |
869 Jōgan earthquake | 8.6–9.0 (est.) |
November 26, 1852 | ![]() |
1852 Banda Sea earthquake | 8.8 (est.)[43] |
May 9, 1877 | ![]() |
1877 Iquique earthquake | 8.7–8.9 (est.) |
November 1, 1755 | ![]() |
1755 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5–9.0 (est.) |
October 20, 1687 | ![]() |
1687 Peru earthquake | 8.7 (est.) |
October 28, 1746 | 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake | 8.6–8.8 (est.) | |
April 2, 1762 | ![]() |
1762 Arakan earthquake | 8.5–8.8 (est.) |
September 20, 1498 | ![]() |
1498 Meiō earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
March 28, 1787 | ![]() |
1787 New Spain earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
February 2, 1816 | ![]() |
1816 North Atlantic earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
July 21, 365 | ![]() |
365 Crete earthquake | 8.5+ (est.) |
August 24, 1356 | ![]() |
1356 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
June 6, 1505 | ![]() |
1505 Lo Mustang earthquake | 8.2–8.8 (est.) |
July 25, 1668 | ![]() |
1668 Shandong earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[44] |
May 24, 1751 | ![]() |
1751 Concepción earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
March 31, 1761 | ![]() |
1761 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[45] |
April 4, 1819 | ![]() |
1819 Copiapó earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[41] |
November 19, 1822 | ![]() |
1822 Valparaíso earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
February 20, 1835 | ![]() |
1835 Concepción earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
February 8, 1843 | ![]() |
1843 Guadeloupe earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[46] |
February 16, 1861 | ![]() |
1861 Sumatra earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
June 15, 1896 | ![]() |
1896 Sanriku earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
List by year
[edit]List by country/territory
[edit]- This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
- The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.
- Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.
- Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).
Costliest earthquakes
[edit]This is the top ten major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.
Rank | Event | Location | Magnitude | Property damage |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | ![]() |
9.1 | $360 billion[179][180] |
2 | 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake | ![]() |
6.9 | $200 billion[181] |
3 | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes | ![]() ![]() Syria |
7.8 | $163.6 billion[182][183] |
4 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | ![]() |
7.9 | $150 billion[184] |
5 | 2011 Christchurch earthquake | ![]() |
6.3 | $40 billion[185] |
6 | 2004 Chūetsu earthquake | ![]() |
6.6 | $28 billion[186][187] |
7 | 2011 Sikkim earthquake | ![]() |
6.9 | $22.3 billion[188] |
8 | 1999 İzmit earthquake | ![]() |
7.6 | $20 billion[186] |
9 | 2009 L'Aquila earthquake | ![]() |
6.3 | $16 billion[189] |
10 | 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes | ![]() |
6.1 | $15.8 billion[190] |
Most studied earthquakes
[edit]The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.
Rank | Event origin time | ISC Event # | Papers | ISC code | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2011-03-11 05:46:23 | 16461282 | 2069 | TOHOKU2011 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami |
2 | 2008-05-12 06:28:00 | 13228121 | 1706 | WENCHUAN2008 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake |
3 | 2004-12-26 00:58:52 | 7453151 | 967 | SUMATRA2004 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami |
4 | 1999-09-20 17:47:16 | 1718616 | 771 | CHI-CHI1999 | 1999 Jiji earthquake |
5 | 1995-01-16 20:46:51 | 124708 | 558 | SHYOGO1995 | Great Hanshin earthquake |
6 | 2010-02-27 06:34:13 | 14340585 | 551 | MAULE2010 | 2010 Chile earthquake |
7 | 1994-01-17 12:30:54 | 189275 | 548 | NORTHRIDGE1994 | 1994 Northridge earthquake |
8 | 2009-04-06 01:32:42 | 13438018 | 525 | LAQUILA2009 | 2009 L'Aquila earthquake |
9 | 1989-10-18 00:04:14 | 389808 | 520 | LOMAPRIETA1989 | 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake |
10 | 2015-04-25 06:11:26 | 607208674 | 516 | GORKHA2015 | April 2015 Nepal earthquake |
11 | 1992-06-28 11:57:35 | 289086 | 440 | LANDERS1992 | 1992 Landers earthquake |
12 | 1999-08-17 00:01:38 | 1655218 | 428 | IZMIT1999 | 1999 İzmit earthquake |
13 | 2016-04-15 16:25:06 | 610289055 | 366 | KUMAMOTO2016 | 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes |
14 | 2013-04-20 00:02:47 | 607304721 | 342 | ALASKA1964 | 2013 Lushan earthquake |
15 | 1964-03-28 03:36:13 | 869809 | 333 | LUSHAN2013 | 1964 Alaska earthquake |
16 | 1960-05-22 19:11:20 | 879136 | 290 | VALDIVIA1960 | 1960 Valdivia earthquake |
17 | 2023-02-06 01:17:34 | 625613033 | 277 | TURKYIE-SYRIA2023 | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes |
18 | 2016-08-24 01:36:33 | 611462212 | 259 | AMATRICE2016 | August 2016 Central Italy earthquake |
19 | 2010-09-03 16:35:46 | 15155483 | 257 | DARFIELD2010 | 2010 Canterbury earthquake |
20 | 2001-01-26 03:16:40 | 1763683 | 256 | BHUJ2001 | 2001 Gujarat earthquake |
21 | 1985-09-19 13:17:50 | 516095 | 253 | MEXICOCITY1985 | 1985 Mexico City earthquake |
22 | 2022-01-15 04:14:45 | 621831271 | 252 | HUNGATONGAHUNGAAPAI2022 | 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami |
23 | 2016-11-13 11:02:59 | 615035032 | 251 | KAIKOURA2016 | 2016 Kaikōura earthquake |
24 | 1971-02-09 14:00:40 | 787038 | 244 | SANFERNANDO1971 | 1971 San Fernando earthquake |
25 | 1976-07-27 19:42:53 | 711732 | 235 | TANGSHAN1976 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake |
26 | 2003-09-25 19:50:07 | 7134409 | 221 | TOKACHI-OKI2003 | 2003 Tokachi earthquake |
27 | 2019-07-06 03:19:55 | 616203758 | 221 | RIDGECREST2019B | 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes |
28 | 1980-11-23 18:34:52 | 635924 | 212 | IRPINIA1980 | 1980 Irpinia earthquake |
29 | 2004-10-23 08:55:58 | 7421058 | 205 | MID-NIIGATA2004 | 2004 Chūetsu earthquake |
30 | 2012-05-20 02:03:53 | 601025379 | 205 | EMILIA2012A | 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes |
31 | 2011-02-21 23:51:42 | 16168897 | 204 | CHRISTCHURCH2011 | 2011 Christchurch earthquake |
32 | 1976-05-06 20:00:12 | 713583 | 199 | FRIULI1976 | 1976 Friuli earthquake |
33 | 2005-03-28 16:09:35 | 7486110 | 197 | NIAS2005 | 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake |
34 | 2004-09-28 17:15:24 | 7406045 | 197 | PARKFIELD2004 | Parkfield earthquake |
35 | 2023-02-06 10:24:50 | 625614289 | 195 | TURKYIE-SYRIA2023A | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes |
36 | 2016-10-30 06:40:19 | 609624987 | 194 | NORCIA2016 | October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes |
37 | 1923-09-01 02:58:35 | 911526 | 193 | KANTO1923 | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake |
34 | 1999-10-16 09:46:45 | 1643776 | 184 | HECTOR-MINE1999 | 1999 Hector Mine earthquake |
35 | 2005-10-08 03:50:37 | 7703077 | 181 | KASHMIR2005 | 2005 Kashmir earthquake |
38 | 2017-08-08 13:19:49 | 610874246 | 178 | JUIZHAIGOU2017 | 2017 Jinghe earthquake |
39 | 2001-11-14 09:26:12 | 2331800 | 176 | KUNLUN2001 | 2001 Kunlun earthquake |
40 | 2015-09-16 22:54:30 | 611531714 | 175 | ILLAPEL2015 | 2015 Illapel earthquake |
41 | 2014-04-01 23:46:47 | 610102185 | 167 | IQUIQUE2014 | 2014 Iquique earthquake |
42 | 2021-05-21 18:04:13 | 620437814 | 166 | MADUO2021 | 2021 Maduo earthquake |
43 | 1979-10-15 23:16:57 | 657282 | 165 | IMPERIAL1979 | 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake |
44 | 2002-11-03 22:12:41 | 6123395 | 164 | DENALI2002 | 2002 Denali earthquake |
45 | 1999-11-12 16:57:19 | 1650092 | 162 | DUZCE1999 | 1999 Düzce earthquake |
46 | 2010-04-04 22:40:43 | 600257057 | 158 | EL-MAYOR-CUCAPAH2010 | 2010 Baja California earthquake |
47 | 2019-07-04 17:33:50 | 616217956 | 158 | RIDGECREST2019A | 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes |
48 | 2010-01-12 21:53:10 | 14226221 | 157 | HAITI2010 | 2010 Haiti earthquake |
Modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.
International Seismological Centre. Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018.
See also
[edit]- List of deadly earthquakes since 1900
- List of historical earthquakes
- List of megathrust earthquakes
- List of natural disasters by death toll
References
[edit]- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
- ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". USGS. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-56806-371-7
- ^ "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on August 20, 2013.
- ^ Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawchech, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (June 2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3): 347–435. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ a b c "Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
- ^ a b Grǖnthal G.; Wahlström R. (2009). "A harmonized seismicity data base for the EuroMediterranean region" (PDF). Proceedings of the 27th ECGS Workshop 'Seismicity Patterns in the Euro-Med Region: 15–21.
- ^ Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010 (January 11, 2011), U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute], Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
- ^ Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll (June 1, 2011), BBC.
- ^ "Ruins of the Hongdong Earthquake (1303)". China Virtual Museums. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History". usgs.gov.
- ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
- ^ 颤抖的地球—地震科学 Archived 13 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine (2005). Researched by China Earthquake Administration seismologists 冯万鹏,薑文亮,龚丽霞,公茂盛,胡进军; Revised by CEA seismologists 王文清,续春荣,张宝红; Edited by CEA chiefs 谢礼立,张景发. Tsinghua University Press. Pages XIII, 162. "1556年陕西华县8级大地震,死亡的83万人中, 据估计死于瘟疫者不下七八成" [Among the 830,000 died, it is estimated that no less than 70% or 80% died from plagues]
- ^ 邬福肇; 曹康泰; 陈章立, eds. (1998). "第三章 地震灾害预防". 中华人民共和国防震减灾法释义. 法律出版社. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
1556年我国陕西的华县8级大地震,共死亡约83万人,但实际上其中70多万人死于其后的瘟疫和饥荒。
- ^ 高东旗; 王常有; 杜玉萍; 王晓燕 (2008). "大地震后传染病的防疫要点". 华北国防医药 (3).
1556年陕西发生大地震,当时死亡10万人,而第2年发生大瘟疫,却死亡70多万人 [100,000 died in 1556, while a plague struck the subsequent year and led to a further death of 700,000-odd.]
- ^ China Earthquake Administration, ed. (2008). 地震知识百问百答. 地震出版社. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009.
实则直接死于地震的只有十数万人,其余70余万人均死于瘟疫和饥荒 [Actually, direct deaths from earthquake amount to 100,000-odd, the remaining 700,000-odd died from plagues and famine]
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "22 Mayıs 1971 Bingöl Depremi Ms:6.8". AFAD (in Turkish). Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 32 km E of Uttarkashi, India 1991". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – 103 km S of Bengkulu, Indonesia 2000". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 - 10 km E of Pundong, Indonesia 2006". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 30 km WSW of Pariaman, Indonesia 2022". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador 2016". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
- ^ "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900". usgs.gov. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
- ^ Johnston, Arch C.; Halchuk, Stephen (June–July 1993), "The seismicity data base for the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program", Annali di Geofisica, 36 (3–4): 133–151, pp. 140, 142 et seq.
- ^ ANSS. "M 9.2 - The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake 1964". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Stein, Seth; Okal, Emile A. (January 1, 2007). "Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 97 (1A): S279–S295. Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97S.279S. doi:10.1785/0120050617. ISSN 1943-3573.
- ^ Fujii, Yushiro; Satake, Kenji; Watada, Shingo; Ho, Tung-Cheng (December 1, 2021). "Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 178 (12): 4777–4796. doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6. ISSN 1420-9136.
- ^ Romano, F.; Piatanesi, A.; Lorito, S.; D'Agostino, N.; Hirata, K.; Atzori, S.; Yamazaki, Y.; Cocco, M. (April 27, 2012). "Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake". Scientific Reports. 2 (1): 385. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.385R. doi:10.1038/srep00385. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3338116. PMID 22545193.
- ^ Wang, Zhen; Kato, Teruyuki; Zhou, Xin; Fukuda, Jun’ichi (November 28, 2016). "Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data". Earth, Planets and Space. 68 (1): 193. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68..193W. doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0572-4. ISSN 1880-5981.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.6 - 1950 Assam-Tibet Earthquake 1950". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Carvajal, M.; Cisternas, M.; Catalán, P.A. (2017). "Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (5): 3648–3660. Bibcode:2017JGRB..122.3648C. doi:10.1002/2017JB014063. S2CID 133806784.
- ^ a b Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40. Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
- ^ "M 9.3Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan" (PDF). AIST.
- ^ H. Ringer; J. P. Whitehead; J. Krometis; R. A. Harris; N. Glatt-Holtz; S. Giddens; C. Ashcraft; G. Carver; A. Robertson; M. Harward; J. Fullwood; K. Lightheart; R. Hilton; A. Avery; C. Kesler; M. Morrise; M. H. Klein (2021). "Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (4). arXiv:2009.14272. Bibcode:2021JGRB..12621107R. doi:10.1029/2020JB021107. S2CID 222066748. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGCD. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
- ^ Hough S.E. (2013). "Missing great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (3): 1098–1108. Bibcode:2013JGRB..118.1098H. doi:10.1002/jgrb.50083. S2CID 128458643.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China 1937". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.1 – 68 km SSW of Gorontalo, Indonesia 1939". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 138 km SW of Insrom, Indonesia 1947". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – off the east coast of Honshu, Japan 1953". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar 1954". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.5 – Kermadec Islands region 1955". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region 1961". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.5 – Fiji region 1962". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – Kuril Islands 1969". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 – Mindanao, Philippines 1972". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – 199 km S of Lata, Solomon Islands 1980". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - off the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand 1981". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 157 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1983". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 85 km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands 1984". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 – 85 km SSW of Atka, Alaska 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – 200km WSW of Yakutat, Alaska 1987". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 - Gulf of Alaska 1988". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.0, Macquarie Island region 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "1997 M 7.8 - 156 km S of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – 71 km SSW of Jurm, Afghanistan 1909". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 - 7 km WNW of Lukovo, North Macedonia 1967". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 188 km SW of Vailoatai, American Samoa 1944". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 67 km N of Sumbe, Angola 1914". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 – 121 km NNW of The Valley, Anguilla 1906". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 - Macquarie Island region 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 171 km NNE of Greenland, Barbados 2014". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 128 km NE of Bathsheba, Barbados 2015". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 55 km ESE of Dangriga, Belize 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 – 13 km NNE of Abomey-Calavi, Benin 2009". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Simon, RE; Kwadiba, MTO; King, JG; Moidaki, M (2012). "A History of Botswana's Seismic Network". Botswana Notes and Records. 44: 184–192. JSTOR 43855570.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - 132 km SW of Tarauacá, Brazil 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 68 km N of Tutong, Brunei 1992". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 20 km S of Gitega, Burundi 1966". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 93 km NW of Ouésso, Republic of the Congo 1945". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 267 km NNW of Ponta do Sol, Cabo Verde 1941". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 64 km N of Coro, Venezuela 2017". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.9 - 55 km N of Zemio, Central African Republic 1994". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – South Indian Ocean 2000". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 – 1 km NNE of Vanadjou, Comoros 1918". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 116 km SW of Impfondo, Republic of the Congo 1998". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.1 – 84 km SW of Niquero, Cuba 1917". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.8 – 0 km NW of Skalná, Czechia 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.9 – 39 km WSW of Karema, Tanzania 1910". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 - 47 km WNW of Thyborøn, Denmark 2010". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 - 12 km ENE of Gâlâfi, Djibouti 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 18 km SSE of Berekua, Dominica iscgem881160". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.2 – 58 km ENE of Lospalos, Timor Leste 1905". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ White, R. A.; Ligorria, J. P.; Cifuentes, I. L. (2004). "Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000". Natural Hazards in El Salvador. Geological Society of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.9 - 8 km NNW of Malabo, Equatorial Guinea 1999". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.6 – 144 km NE of Massawa, Eritrea 1977". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 – 16 km ENE of Sidvokodvo, Eswatini 1987". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 8 km E of Goba, Ethiopia 1906". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "Largest earthquake in Finland". Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University of Oulu). Archived from the original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- ^ Marcelo Assumpção, Alberto V. Veloso (2020). "The 1885 M 6.9 Earthquake in the French Guiana–Brazil Border: The Largest Midplate Event in the Nineteenth Century in South America". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (5): 2497–2510. Bibcode:2020SeiRL..91.2497A. doi:10.1785/0220190325. S2CID 219502957.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.6 – South Pacific Ocean 1965". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 - 64 km NNE of Lastoursville, Gabon 1974". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 8 km ENE of Swedru, Ghana 1939". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 82 km SSE of Lethem, Guyana 2021". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 3.8 – 14 km SW of Tai O, Hong Kong 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.0 – 79 km N of Norðurþing, Iceland 1910". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Onur, T.; Gok, R.; Abdulnaby, W.; Mahdi, H.; Numan, N.M.; Al-Shukri, H.; Shakir, A.; Chlaib, H.; Ameen, T.H.; Abd, N. (2016). "A Comprehensive Earthquake Catalogue for Iraq in Terms of Moment Magnitude". Seismological Research Letters. 88 (3): 798–811. doi:10.1785/0220160078. OSTI 1466119.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.0 - 60 km W of Belmullet, Ireland 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 18 km E of Saint Helier, Jersey 1926". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 33 km WNW of Nyahururu, Kenya 1928". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – Gilbert Islands, Kiribati region 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "Të gjitha tërmetet që kanë ndodhur në territorin e Kosovës" [All earthquakes that have occurred in the territory of Kosovo] (in Albanian). September 24, 2019.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 44 km S of Al Jahra, Kuwait 1993". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 38 km NW of Al Wafrah, Kuwait 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 41 km S of Luang Namtha, Laos 1925". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.5 – 16 km SW of Tubmanburg, Liberia 1995". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – near the coast of Libya 1935". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 3.6 – 1 km SSW of Balzers, Liechtenstein 2013". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 2.9 – 2 km E of Wilwerwiltz, Luxembourg 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 – 283 km WSW of Anakao, Madagascar 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.6 – 26 km NNW of Lahad Datu, Malaysia 1923". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.4 – 212 km E of Fuvahmulah, Maldives 1944". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.2 – 75 km NW of Kolokani, Mali 1999". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 109 km SE of Birżebbuġa, Malta 2023". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.6 – Marshall Islands region 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – Mauritania 1993". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – 76 km E of Zouerate, Mauritania 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.1 – 279 km NE of Port Mathurin, Mauritius 1976". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 32 km E of Pamandzi, Mayotte 2018". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – State of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia 1911". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 3.9 – 12 km S of Ocnița, Moldova 1988". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 – Ligurian Sea 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 68 km NNW of Khorixas, Namibia 2021". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – Kermadec Islands region 1917". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – 259 km WNW of Bilma, Niger 2017". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 4.5 – 34 km S of Siluko, Nigeria 2000". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 61 km SSE of Ungsang-nodongjagu, North Korea 1973". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 3 km SW of Kuklis, North Macedonia 1931". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.7 – Mariana Islands region 1940". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.7 – Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands 2016". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 89 km NW of Olonkinbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.7 – 291 km ESE of Sur, Oman 1966". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 121 km ESE of Kayangel, Palau 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – 183 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 86 km E of General Enrique Mosconi, Argentina 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Wiejacz, Paweł; Debski, Wojciech (2009). "Podhale, Poland, earthquake of November 30, 2004". Acta Geophysica. 57 (2): 346–366. Bibcode:2009AcGeo..57..346W. doi:10.2478/s11600-009-0007-8. S2CID 128410108.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.3 - 15 km WSW of Sainte-Rose, Reunion 2007". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 26 km NE of Upper Hell's Gate; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba 1990". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 18 km SE of Market Shop; Saint Kitts and Nevis 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.3 - 18 km WSW of Soufrière, Saint Lucia 1953". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.0 – 13 km ESE of Blowing Point Village, Anguilla 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.1 – 13 km W of Barrouallie; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1940". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 87km ENE of Santo Antonio; Sao Tome and Principe 2019". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 289 km W of Mermoz Boabab, Senegal 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 8 km WNW of Kragujevac, Serbia 1927". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – South Indian Ocean 1995". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – northwestern Somalia 1929". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 118 km ESE of Richards Bay, South Africa 1932". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar 1954". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 275 km E of Kalmunai, Sri Lanka 1973". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 70 km SSW of Tokar, Sudan 1938". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.0 – 17 km SSW of Sumbawanga, Tanzania 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ Kázmér, Miklós (May 19, 2020). "Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study" (PDF). Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 14 (3): 214. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06372-w. S2CID 231738302. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.8 – 290 km N of Kulia Village, Tuvalu 1983". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 53 km N of Rukungiri, Uganda 1952". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.0 – 14 km NW of Reef Al Fujairah City, United Arab Emirates 2002". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 8.1 – 97 km WSW of Isangel, Vanuatu 1920". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Salcedo-Hurtado, Elkin de J.; Audemard, Franck A.; García-Millán, Nathalie (2021). "Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales" [Focal parameters of the April 28, 1894 earthquake in the Venezuelan Andes using macrosismic data]. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (in Spanish). 45 (175): 591–606. doi:10.18257/raccefyn.1195. ISSN 0370-3908.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 27 km SE of Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam 1935". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - 144 km SSW of Leava, Wallis and Futuna 1956". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 170 km E of Hadibu, Yemen 1908". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 12 km WNW of Chama, Zambia 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 38 km SW of Siavonga, Zambia 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Zhang, Bo. "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History". AccuWeather.com. News & Video. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ Victoria Kim (March 21, 2011). "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ Tierney, Kathleen (1997). Emergency response: lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center.
- ^ "Deprem bölgesinde fatura borçlarının silinmesi için süre uzatıldı". Milat Gazetsi. August 22, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ "Political failure has killed people in Syria before and after the earthquakes". Counsil for Arab-British Understanding. April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "Four years on: Insurance and the Canterbury Earthquakes" (PDF). Deloitte Access Economics. February 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
- ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-19-984193-6.
- ^ Santanu Baruah; Sowrav Saikia; Saurabh Baruah; Pabon K. Bora; Ruben Tatevossian; J. R. Kayal (March 19, 2014). "The September 2011 Sikkim Himalaya earthquake Mw 6.9: is it a plane of detachment earthquake?". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 7: 248–263. doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.895963. S2CID 128915677.
- ^ "Italy Quake Reconstruction to Cost at Least $16 Billion". Fox News. April 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972). "Significant Earthquake Database" (Data Set). National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- USGS-ANSS Latest earthquakes around the world
- Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
- IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
- SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
- Recent New Zealand earthquakes
- Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006—Building Research Institute (Japan)
- 20 Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900, USGS
- Historic Worldwide Earthquakes, magnitude 6.0 and greater, sorted by magnitude, USGS (archived 2009)