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iMac G4

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iMac G4
The iMac G4 with a 15" screen
iMac G4 with a 15" screen
ManufacturerApple Computer
Product familyiMac
TypeAll-in-one
Release dateJanuary 2002; 22 years ago (2002-01)
DiscontinuedAugust 31, 2004 (2004-08-31)
PredecessoriMac G3
SuccessoriMac G5

The iMac G4 is an all-in-one personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from January 2002 to August 2004. The computer is comprised of a hemispheric base that holds the computer components, including the PowerPC G4 processor, attached to a flatscreen Liquid-crystal display (LCD) via a stainless steel arm that allows the monitor to be easily tilted and swiveled.

The iMac G3 (1998) was a commercial success for Apple, reversing the company's fortunes. As component prices fell, Apple began envisioning a replacement based around an LCD instead of the bulky cathode-ray tube of the iMac G3. The resulting iMac G4 took two years to develop; its design was inspired by a sunflower, and the desire to have each component of the computer be true to itself. The design largely eschewed the colorful translucency of the iMac G3 in favor of opaque white.

The iMac G4 was announced at Macworld San Francisco on January 7, 2002, and began shipping that month. The model was updated over the years with faster processors, components, and larger LCDs. The iMac G4 was a critical and commercial success for Apple, selling more than 1.3 million units in its first year. It was succeeded by the iMac G5 in 2004, which replaced its bold design language with a more conservative look that would influence later iMac models.

Overview[edit]

The iMac G4 is an all-in-one personal computer. The machine has an integrated, flat Liquid-crystal display (LCD) mounted on an adjustable stainless-steel arm above a base that contains the internals. The arm allows the display to tilt the monitor up and down across 35 degrees, swivel the monitor 180 degrees side to side, and raise or lower by 7 inches (18 cm).[1][2] A clear plastic "halo" frames the display.[3] The 10.6-inch (27 cm) diameter, hemispherical base is heavy enough to support the display, with the neck strong enough to support the weight of the entire computer for carrying.[4][5] The machine is designed for ease of use; the included instructions consist only of six pictures.[6]

The iMac G4 is powered by PowerPC G4 processors. Unlike the iMac G3, which was cooled via convection, the iMac G4 has a quiet fan to cool the G4 processor through vents at the top of the base.[7][8] The power button, power plug, and all the input/output are arranged on the back of the base, while the tray-loading optical drive sits in front, sporting a mirror-finish Apple logo.[9][10] The power supply is also integrated into the base.[5] The machine features three Universal Serial Bus ports, two IEEE 1394 (Firewire) ports, VGA video, 100 Mbps ethernet and 56kbps modem connections.[9][11][5] Expansion is limited to adding more random access memory or an AirPort wireless networking card aftermarket; these can be added by removing an access plate secured with captive screws on the underside of the base.[11][12]

The machine was initially sold with the Apple Pro Keyboard and Apple Pro Mouse in a white color.[9] While the iMac has a built-in speaker, the higher-end models also shipped with external Apple Pro Speakers, introduced for the "Digital Audio" Power Mac G4. These use a proprietary connector instead of a 3.5mm headphone jack and had a higher output signal.[5][13] While the computer could boot into the OS 9 operating system, it was the first Mac to boot by default into Mac OS X.[9][11][14] Pack-in software included productivity software (AppleWorks, iPhoto, iMovie, iTunes, iDVD, Quicken, and FaxSTF) internet software (Earthlink and AOL,) as well as the Pangea Software game Otto Matic and World Book Encyclopedia.[15]

Development[edit]

The iMac G3, first released in 1998, was a major success for Apple, sparking a 400% rise in Apple's stock price in the subsequent two years and ultimately selling six million units.[16] It helped reverse a dire financial picture for the company, marked the first major collaboration between returning CEO Steve Jobs and head of design Jony Ive, and was manufactured using new methodologies at Apple that would be applied to their future products.[17][18] After the iMac's initial release, Apple proceeded to revamp its product offerings for other consumer segments, including the Power Mac G3 and G4 and the iBook. Apple's industrial designers increasingly held more sway within the company, with the engineering department seeing significant turnover in the wake of the industrial design group's demands.[19] In 2001, the design team moved from a building across the road from Apple's main campus to a new space in the main headquarters, offering a larger space to generate ideas, prototype models, and showcase them to Jobs.[20]

Eighteen months after the iMac's release, Ive's team began considering a redesign that swapped the computer's bulky cathode-ray tube screen, around which the computer was designed, with a thin, flat Liquid-crystal display (LCD).[21] Ive produced a prototype that attached the computer components behind the screen, similar to his work on the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh.[22] The design came with drawbacks; the hard drive and optical drive would be less performant in a vertical orientation, and the added heat produced by the G4 processor would necessitate a noisy fan that would be positioned close to the user. There would also be no easy way to tilt and swivel the display without moving the entire machine.[23] Jobs hated the design, which he felt lacked purity. "Why have this flat display if you're going to glom all this stuff on its back?" he asked. "We should let each element be true to itself."[24] When Ive visited Jobs' house to talk over the issue, Jobs suggested basing the computer on a sunflower, which were growing in his garden. The suggestion of a narrative in the design appealed to Ive, who began sketching out designs drawing on the sunflower shape.[25][a] The machine took two years to develop.[23]

Ive and the design team first tried to attach the screen to the base with a series of vertebrae held together by spring-loaded cables. A clamp on the back of the screen applied tension to the cables and allowed the spine to loosen or stiffen. This design required two hands to grab the screen and release the clamp, and proved difficult for some users to adjust.[27] Ive solicited feedback from design consultancy firm IDEO, who recommended ditching the spine idea in favor of a more practical design with two rigid arms. Designer Doug Satzger suggested that they did not need the amount of flexibility the two-arm design offered, and after Jobs suggested the same, the second arm was dropped. The final arm was made of stainless steel with an internal spring that balanced the screen while being free enough to be moved by the touch of a finger.[28] The designers added the plastic halo ringing the screen that offered space for adjustment without touching the display, and minimized the look of a thick bezel around the edges. The computer components of the machine were put in the weighted base, which borrowed work done for the ill-fated Power Mac G4 Cube to cool the machine by drawing air from the bottom and expelling it out the top.[29] The playful design suggested a sunflower or a desk lamp. Jobs was so taken with the design that, in an uncommon move, he listed himself as the primary inventor on one of the design patents for the machine.[25] Whereas the iMac G3 had been made of translucent plastics in a variety of colors, the new iMac was mostly opaque white, following from decisions Jobs had made to make the iPod music player all white. Ive called the color "pure and quiet", and Jobs felt the color made consumer products feel more premium, rather than disposable.[30]

Release[edit]

15 inch, 17 inch, and 20 inch versions of the iMac G4.

The iMac G4 was unveiled at Macworld San Francisco on January 7, 2002.[31] Rumors had predicted a flat-panel iMac since the previous summer, as pundits considered the iMac due for a revamp amid declining sales.[10][32] The new iMac was also announced in the aftermath of the dot-com crash in the technology sector, where there was heightened expectations that Apple's next computer would help protect Apple's market share, which had continued to erode to just above 4% in the United States and less worldwide.[16] On stage, Jobs declared the machine "the best thing I think we've ever done [...] it has a rare beauty and grace that is going to last the next decade." Ive surreptitiously walked the show floor to gauge the public's reaction.[31] The floating monitor and arm's anthropomorphism and apparent personality was highlighted in product videos and ads.[33]

In a time where computer hardware was becoming increasingly commoditized,[34] Apple positioned the computer as the center of its "digital hub" strategy, where the Mac connected multimedia peripherals like the iPod and organized and edited audio and video.[35][36] Jobs argued that personal computers were not in trouble, but that most consumers wanted a better one, and that meant a Mac; the iMac and hub strategy were part of what he saw as a "third phase" of personal computing, where users used computers to produce creative media.[16][b] The price of an iMac with the ability to burn DVDs was under US$2,000, compared to the $3,500 it had cost two years earlier for the capability on a Power Mac.[34]

Apple stagger-launched the iMac G4; initially only the high-end 15-inch model was available in January, followed by the cheaper configurations in February and March.[37] Preorders of the iMac in its first week after announcement were the highest of any product since the original iMac.[38] Apple said it received more than 150,000 preorders for the iMac in the first month,[39] and produced more than 5,000 iMacs a day to meet the initial demand. Higher prices for RAM and LCDs caused the company to raise the price on iMac configurations by $100, though existing orders were honored at the original price.[40] A high-end model with a larger display released in August. This 17-inch iMac offered a widescreen 1440x900 pixel display, more hard drive capacity, and better graphics chipset, and was slightly heavier. The other iMacs dropped back to their original prices.[41] Low-end versions of the previous G3 model continued to be sold until 2003, later replaced by the eMac.[35][42][43]

The next revision to the iMac line came in February 2003; the four previous configurations offered were reduced to a single 15- and 17-inch model each. They featured faster processors, optical drives, faster AirPort Extreme networking and RAM on the 17-inch model, and cheaper prices.[44] The 17-inch model also added an audio-in jack, the ability to mirror the display to composite video devices via an adapter, and a Bluetooth expansion module for short-range wireless communication with peripherals.[45]

In September 2003, the iMac line was revised, with both 15- and 17-inch models receiving faster processors and graphics at the same prices, and faster USB 2.0 ports replacing the three 1.1 versions.The 15-inch model also received the Bluetooth and AirPort Extreme networking support that had been exclusive to the larger model.[46] A new larger 20-inch monitor option was added at the high end in March 2004, featuring the same specs as the 17-inch model. The 20-inch models were heavier and the arm stiffer to support the larger display, which made the monitors harder to manipulate and position.[47]

Reception and legacy[edit]

The iMac G4 was positively received. Critics noted that the flat-screen design allowed them to forget the rest of the computer was there, as well as the ergonomics of adjusting the screen.[1][10][37] The Washington Post's Rob Pegoraro called the design "staggeringly useful—I would call it 'obvious', except hardly any other manufacturers offer anything like it. This [monitor] is the first monitor I've used that's always been in the right place."[11] USA Today's Edward Baig and others liked the desk lamp look,[2] with many comparing it to the Luxo Jr. character that starred in a Pixar short animation,[35][c] or the dome to the character R2-D2.[11][36] Others found it ungainly, with Mossberg and The Vancouver Sun's Peter Wilson left with the sense it was always likely to tip over.[37][48] The screen was called bright and clear.[49][9]

The iMac's ease of use was cited as a major positive of the machine,[6] as well as the quality of its built-in software.[50][38][11] The Irish Times's Karlin Lillington said the setup of the computer was so simple a child could do it, while Baig cited the "plug and play" nature of hardware and software as the best feature of the computer.[6][2] The large port selection was also praised,[1][51] with The Baltimore Sun's David Zeiler saying they met the needs of home and education consumers who would not care about the computer's limited expansion options.[38] PC Magazine and HWM were among the publications that suggested that the machine would entice Windows PC users to switch to Macs,[51][52] with the prices of comparably-specced iMacs and Windows PCs generally close.[d]

The performance improvements of the G4 processor were noted, with Jason Snell of Macworld writing that compared to the more basic consumer iMac G3, the new iMac was fast enough for more demanding users who did not need the expansion options of a Power Mac;[1] Peter Wilson and The New York Times's David Pogue felt that the iMac was a better value than the lower-end Power Mac G4s and might steal sales away from the latter.[48][10] In comparison, The Guardian's Neil McIntosh found the iMac powerful enough but that Power Macs were much speedier than the on-paper difference suggested.[49] Macworld speed tests found that the iMac generally performed worse than equivalent-speed G4s in the Power Mac and PowerBook lines.[53][54]

A major complaint from critics was the placement of the computer's ports and power button on the back of the base, since it made it harder to plug and unplug peripherals.[10][11][37][51] McIntosh called it the machine's "Achilles heel."[49] Baig and PC Magazine's Troy Dreier found the external speakers tinny.[2][51] Other complaints included the limited options for expansion,[37][48] color-shifting of the screens when viewed at extreme angles,[55] and low amount of RAM on the entry-level models.[38] Some reviews complained of hardware glitches and malfunctions.[11][2] Dreier felt the keyboard and mouse were unappealing and likely to be immediately replaced by users,[51] while Mossberg and ZDNet called out the lack of a wireless option for the mouse and keyboard.[37][50] Apple would not offer wireless peripherals until 2003.[56]

The iMac sold 1.3 million units in 2002, making it Apple's top-selling product for the year.[57] The iMac G4 helped rehabilitate Apple's public image after the failure of the G4 Cube,[31] and proved that Apple's success with the iMac G3 was not a fluke.[58][8] It has been called one of the best computers Apple has made.[58][59][33]

Despite the ergonomic design and Jobs insistence the design would remain a decade, the design language of the iMac G4 would not last three years. The design was challenged by larger displays, and the G4 processor's successor, the G5, ran much hotter and needed more cooling. Macworld called the iMac G5 "conservative" compared to the G3 and G4 models that proceeded it, as it traded the exuberant colors or sunflower design of previous iMacs in favor of sticking the computer internals behind the display[60]—the same approach Jobs had previously eschewed as inelegant. It was this design that proved to be the template future iMac models would reflect.[59]

The design won a gold International Design Excellence Award in 2002, with Apple winning more awards that year than any other company.[61] Ive won the Designer of the Year award from the Design Museum in 2003 for his work on the iMac and other products.[62] iMac G4 models are held in the permanent collections of museums including the Museum of Modern Art, HomeComputerMuseum, Museums Victoria, and Science Museum Group.[63]

Specifications[edit]

Model Flat Panel[64] 15-inch 800MHz[65] 17-inch 1GHz [65] USB 2.0[66]
Release date January 2002[67] August 2002[68] February 4, 2003[69] September 8, 2003[69] November 18, 2003[69]
Display 15" TFT LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 15" TFT LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 15" TFT LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 20" TFT widescreen LCD
Processor 700 MHz 800 MHz 1.0 GHz 1.25 GHz
Cache 256 KB level 2 cache
Front Side Bus 100 MHz 133 MHz 167 MHz
Memory 128 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 128 or 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC2100 (266 MHz) DDR SDRAM 256 MB of PC2700 (333 MHz) DDR SDRAM
Graphics Nvidia GeForce 2 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM[70] 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM[70] 		Nvidia GeForce 2 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
64 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM[70] 		Nvidia GeForce FX 5200 Ultra
64 MB of DDR SDRAM
Hard drive 40 GB, 60 GB, 80 GB 60 GB, 80 GB 80 GB, 160 GB
Optical drive 32x CD-R and 10x CD-RW write CD-RW Drive 8x DVD and 32x CD read Combo drive 6x DVD and 24x CD read; 2x DVD-R, 8x CD-R, and 4x CD-RW write SuperDrive 32x Combo drive 4x SuperDrive 32x Combo drive 4x SuperDrive
Network 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.90 modem
Optional 11 Mbit/s AirPort 802.11b 		10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.92 modem
Optional 11 Mbit/s AirPort 802.11b 		10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.92 modem
Optional Bluetooth 1.1
Optional 54 Mbit/s AirPort Extreme 802.11b/g
Peripherals 3x USB 1.1
2x FireWire 400
Built-in microphone
Audio out
Apple Pro Speakers mini-jack 		3x USB 2.0
2x FireWire 400
Built-in microphone
Audio out
Apple Pro Speakers mini-jack
Video out Mini-VGA
Original Operating system Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X 10.1 Mac OS X v10.2 Jaguar Mac OS X v10.3 Panther
Weight 21.2 lb. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lb. / 10.4 kg 21.2 lbs. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lbs. / 10.4 kg 21.2 lb. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lb. / 10.4 kg 40.1 lb. / 18.2 kg

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ This is the most commonly given origin for the iMac G4's shape, but Leander Kahney reports another origin offered by an unnamed former executive. In this telling, Jony made two designs: one with the computer behind the screen, and one with a separate screen and base. Jobs chose the latter "goose neck" design because its anthropomorphic features made it, like the iMac G3 before it, friendly and approachable.[26]
  2. ^ According to Jobs, the first phase of computing was using computers for work and utility (word processing, spreadsheets, etc.) while the second phase was connecting computers via the internet.[16]
  3. ^ Apple denied the Luxo Jr. influence; coincidentally, Pixar creative chief John Lasseter also directed the initial iMac G4 advertisement.[16]
  4. ^ Cited to [10][11][16][37][38][51]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Snell 2002a, p. 53.
  2. ^ a b c d e Baig, Edward (February 6, 2002). "Apple's iMac is flat-out powerful and pretty". USA Today. p. D.07.
  3. ^ Quittner & Winters 2002, pp. 48.
  4. ^ Michaels 2002a, pp. 29–30.
  5. ^ a b c d Knight Ridder News Service (January 15, 2002). "A Touching Experience". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 04E.
  6. ^ a b c Lillington, Karlin (February 22, 2002). "Apple's core quality shows with new iMac". The Irish Times. p. 58.
  7. ^ Bullard, Dave (January 16, 2002). "The Dream Screen". Herald Sun. p. C2.
  8. ^ a b Edwards, Benj (July 18, 2012). "The exceptional iMac G4: Ten years later". Macworld. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e Steinberg, Gene (January 14, 2002). "Apple iMac 800 MHz PowerPC G4 Review". ZDNet. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Pogue, David (January 10, 2002). "For Apple, To Be Flat Is a Virtue". The New York Times. p. G1.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pegoraro, Rob (February 17, 2002). "iMac's Radical Redesign Easy on the User as Well as the Eyes". The Washington Post. p. H7.
  12. ^ Michaels 2002a, p. 30–32.
  13. ^ Phin, Christopher (December 8, 2015). "The Best Speakers 'Apple' Ever Made". Macworld. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  14. ^ Michaels 2002a, p. 32.
  15. ^ Michaels 2002a, p. 30.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Quittner & Winters 2002, pp. 46–53.
  17. ^ Gallagher, William (April 19, 2020). "How Apple Went from Bust to Five Million Colorful iMac Sold". Apple Insider. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  18. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 141.
  19. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 149.
  20. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 159–171.
  21. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 187.
  22. ^ Isaacson 2013, p. 445.
  23. ^ a b "Apple Takes a Bold New Byte at iMac". The Independent. January 20, 2002. Retrieved June 19, 2024 – via The New Zealand Herald.
  24. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 187–188.
  25. ^ a b Isaacson 2013, p. 446.
  26. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 188.
  27. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 188–189.
  28. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 189.
  29. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 190.
  30. ^ Isaacson 2013, pp. 390–391.
  31. ^ a b c Kahney 2013, p. 191.
  32. ^ Heid, Jim (January 3, 2002). "Tech 101; Mac Focus; Expo Fuels the Apple Rumor Mill". Los Angeles Times. p. T3.
  33. ^ a b Hackett, Stephen (February 28, 2018). "iMac G4: Form, meet function". iMore. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  34. ^ a b Pegoraro, Rob; ElBoghdady, Dina (January 20, 2002). "Building Creativity Into the Box; Electronics Companies Hope New Devices Will Spur Imaginations... and Sales". The Washington Post. p. H1.
  35. ^ a b c Frith, David (January 15, 2002). "Desklamp is a Head-turner". The Australian. p. 35.
  36. ^ a b Coates, James (January 20, 2002). "New iMac mighty, but how many will notice?". Chicago Tribune. p. 5.4.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Mossberg, Walter (January 17, 2002). "IMac Looks Radical, And Its Performance Seems Right On". Wall Street Journal. p. 8.
  38. ^ a b c d e Zeiler, David (January 24, 2002). "iMac is barely there—but delivers goods". The Baltimore Sun. p. 10C.
  39. ^ "Industry Report; Technology". Detroit Free Press. January 29, 2002. p. C2.
  40. ^ Michaels 2002b, p. 24.
  41. ^ Snell 2002b, p. 22.
  42. ^ Hackett, Stephen (July 7, 2016). "Summer 2001: The Final iMac G3s". 512 Pixels. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  43. ^ Michaels & Cellini 2002, p. 16.
  44. ^ Michaels 2003, p. 21.
  45. ^ Snell 2003, p. 37.
  46. ^ Dalrymple 2003, p. 24.
  47. ^ Berger, Jennifer (March 17, 2004). "Reviews: 20-Inch iMac G4". Macworld. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  48. ^ a b c Wilson, Peter (January 17, 2002). "Maybe new-generation iMac is in the cards, or maybe not". The Vancouver Sun. p. D11.
  49. ^ a b c McIntosh, Neil (February 28, 2002). "Online: Me and my iMac". The Guardian. p. 5.
  50. ^ a b Sheets, David (January 23, 2002). "Digital Editing, Not Flat Screen, is the New iMac's Real Gem". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. E3.
  51. ^ a b c d e f Dreier 2002, p. 42.
  52. ^ Tang 2002, p. 88.
  53. ^ Breen, Christopher (May 19, 2003). "Reviews: 1GHz iMac G4, 17-inch". Macworld. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  54. ^ Jary, Simon (April 17, 2002). "iMac 800MHz (2002) Review". Macworld. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  55. ^ Staff (December 31, 2003). "Reviews in Brief; 17-Inch iMac G4/1.25GHz". Macworld. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  56. ^ Edwards, Benj (March 1, 2013). "Tablets, Mice, and Trackpads: The evolution of Apple pointing devices". Macworld. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  57. ^ Kahney, Leander (January 16, 2003). "The End of the iMac? Not Likely". Wired. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  58. ^ a b Loyola, Roman (January 7, 2022). "Why iMac G4 is still the greatest Mac ever made 20 years later". Macworld. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  59. ^ a b Snell, Jason (October 26, 2020). "20 Macs for 2020: #9 – iMac G4". Six Colors. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  60. ^ Norr 2004, p. 22.
  61. ^ Hales, Linda (June 29, 2002). "At Awards, the I's Have It; The iMac and Three Other Apple Concepts Take Gold for Industrial Design". The Washington Post. p. C2.
  62. ^ Miller, Karyn (February 16, 2003). "Design of the Times; The Design Museum's Prestigious New Award Celebrates Britain's Hottest Talent". The Mail on Sunday. p. 42.
  63. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:
  64. ^ "iMac (Flat Panel), iMac (17-inch Flat Panel) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  65. ^ a b "iMac (17-inch 1GHz) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  66. ^ "iMac (USB 2.0) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  67. ^ "Apple Unveils the New iMac" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 7, 2002.
  68. ^ "Apple Unveils 17-inch Flat Screen iMac" (Press release). Apple Inc. July 17, 2002.
  69. ^ a b c "Mac Systems > Apple > iMac". EveryMac.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  70. ^ a b c "iMac (USB 2.0) – Technical Specifications". Apple. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2018.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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