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Timeline of Chinese history

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Timeline of Chinese history

This is a timeline of Chinese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in China and its dynasties. To read about the background to these events, see History of China. See also the list of Chinese monarchs, Chinese emperors family tree, dynasties of China and years in China.

Dates prior to 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe Regency, are provisional and subject to dispute.

Prehistoric China

[edit]
80,000 BC H. sapiens appears in modern Dao County, Hunan.[1]
20000 BC Pottery was used in Xianren Cave.[2]
7600 BC The Zengpiyan culture appeared.
Pigs were first domesticated in China.[3]
7500 BC The Pengtoushan culture appeared.
Rice was first domesticated in China.
7000 BC The Peiligang culture appeared.
6600 BC The Jiahu symbols were first used at Jiahu.
6500 BC The Cishan culture appeared.
6000 BC Dogs were first domesticated in China.[3]
4000 BC Symbols were carved into pottery at Banpo.
3630 BC Silk processing was invented by the Yangshao culture.

Antiquity

[edit]
Year Date Event
2570 BC Silk was produced by the Liangzhu culture.
2500 BC Battle of Banquan: The forces of the divine farmer Shennong were repelled by a force of tribes allied under the Yellow Emperor.
Battle of Zhuolu: A combined army of tribes under the Yellow Emperor defeated Hmong invasion at Zhuolo.
2366 BC Zhi became king.

22nd century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
2200 BC Great Flood: Yu the Great completed a drainage system which ended the periodic and destructive flooding of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. (Reliable Archaeological discoveries depict that it happened around 1920BC.[4])
The Nine Tripod Cauldrons were forged from metal given in tribute to Yu by the Nine Provinces.
2117 BC Tai Kang became king of the Xia dynasty.

21st century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
2075 BC Xiang of Xia became king of the Xia dynasty.
2047 BC Xiang was murdered and displaced as king on the orders of the warlord Han Zhuo. His pregnant wife fled the capital Shangqiu.
Xiang's wife gave birth to a son, Shao Kang.
2007 BC The people of Shangqiu welcomed an army loyal to Shao into the city. Han committed suicide.

Centuries: 20th BC · 19th BC · 18th BC · 17th BC · 16th BC · 15th BC · 14th BC · 13th BC · 12th BC · 11th BC · 10th BC · 9th BC · 8th BC · 7th BC · 6th BC · 5th BC · 4th BC · 3rd BC · 2nd BC · 1st BC

20th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1985 BC Zhu of Xia became king of the Xia dynasty.
1968 BC Zhu died. He was succeeded by his son Huai of Xia.
1924 BC Huai died. He was succeeded by his son Mang of Xia.
1906 BC Mang was succeeded by his son Xie of Xia.

19th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1900 BC The Erlitou culture appeared.
1890 BC Xie was succeeded by his son Bu Jiang.
1831 BC Bu abdicated in favor of his younger brother Jiong of Xia.
Mount Tai earthquake: An earthquake occurred at Mount Tai.
1810 BC Jiong was succeeded by his son Jin of Xia.

18th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1789 BC Jin was succeeded by his cousin, Bu's son Kong Jia.
1758 BC Kong was succeeded by his son Gao of Xia.
1747 BC Gao was succeeded by his son Fa of Xia.
1728 BC Fa was succeeded by his son Jie of Xia.

17th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1675 BC Jie was succeeded by Tang of Shang, marking the beginning of the Shang dynasty.

16th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1600 BC Battle of Mingtiao: the Shang clan (later Shang dynasty) overthrow the corrupt and last emperor of the Xia dynasty

15th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1500 BC The Erligang culture appeared.

13th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1290 <sma king of the Shang dynasty.
The capital of the Shang dynasty was moved from Yan to Yin.
1250 BC Wu Ding became king of the Shang dynasty.
Oracle bones were first used for divination; evidence of oracle bone script first appears.

12th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1200 BC Wu's wife, the general and high priestess Fu Hao, died and was buried at the tomb of Fu Hao in Yinxu.
1192 BC Wu died. He was succeeded by his son Zu Geng of Shang.
1170 BC Geng Ding became king of the Shang dynasty.
1147 BC Geng was succeeded by his son Wu Yi of Shang.
1112 BC Wu was killed by lightning while out hunting. He was succeeded by his son Wen Ding.
1101 BC Wen was succeeded by his son Di Yi.

11th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1076 BC Di died.
1075 BC Di was succeeded as king of the Shang dynasty by his son King Zhou of Shang.
1050 BC King Wen of Zhou died.
1047 BC Zhou took Daji as his concubine.
1046 BC Battle of Muye: The forces of the predynastic Zhou, led by King Wu of Zhou and aided by Shang dynasty defectors, dealt a bloody defeat to Shang forces at Muye, near Yinxu.
Zhou committed suicide by burning himself with his jewels on the Deer Terrace Pavilion.
1043 BC Wu died.
1042 BC Wu was succeeded by his son King Cheng of Zhou.
1034 BC Chinese bronze inscriptions came into use.
1021 BC Cheng died.
1020 BC Cheng was succeeded by his son King Kang of Zhou.

10th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
1000 BC The Classic of Poetry was compiled.
996 BC Kang died.
976 BC King Mu of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
964 BC Mu led an unsuccessful expedition against the Quanrong.
922 BC Mu died. He was succeeded by his son King Gong of Zhou.

9th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
900 BC Gong died.
899 BC Gong's son Ji Jian, King Yi of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
892 BC Ji Jian died.
891 BC Ji Jian's uncle, Mu's son King Xiao of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
886 BC Xiao died.
885 BC Ji Jian's son Ji Xie, King Yi of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
878 BC Ji Xie died.
877 BC Ji Xie's son King Li of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
842 BC A popular revolt forced Li into exile near Linfen.
841 BC The Gonghe Regency came into power.
828 BC Li died.
827 BC Li's son King Xuan of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.

8th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
782 BC Xuan died.
781 BC Xuan's son King You of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
779 BC You took Bao Si as his concubine.
771 BC The Marquess of Shen, whose daughter had been replaced by Bao Si as queen, led an attack on Haojing in alliance with the Quanrong. You and Bao's son Bofu were killed.
770 BC You's son King Ping of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
Ping moved the Zhou capital east to Luoyang.
720 BC Ping died.
719 BC Ping's grandson King Huan of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
707 BC Battle of Xuge: Huan, in coalition with the Zhou vassal states Chen, Cai and Wey, led a punitive expedition against Zheng. The coalition was defeated and Huan was wounded.

7th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
697 BC Huan died.
696 BC Huan's son King Zhuang of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
685 BC Duke Huan of Qi became duke of Qi.
682 BC Zhuang died.
681 BC Zhuang's son King Xi of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
677 BC Xi died.
676 BC Xi's son King Hui of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
652 BC Hui died.
651 BC Hui's son King Xiang of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
645 BC The Qi chancellor Guan Zhong died.
632 BC Battle of Chengpu: Jin and its allies decisively defeated a coalition led by Chu.
630 BC Sunshu Ao was born.
619 BC Xiang died.
618 BC Xiang's son King Qing of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
613 BC Qing died.
612 BC Qing's son King Kuang of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
607 BC Kuang died.
606 BC Kuang's brother King Ding of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.

6th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
600 BC Knife money came into use.
595 BC Battle of Bi: Chu decisively defeated Jin at Bi, near modern Xingyang.
586 BC Ding died.
585 BC Ding's son King Jian of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
575 BC Battle of Yanling: A numerically superior Chu force was defeated by Jin in modern Yanling County. King Gong of Chu was injured.
572 BC Jian died.
571 BC Jian's son King Ling of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
551 BC Confucius was born.
548 BC The earliest surviving reference to Go appeared.
545 BC Ling died.
544 BC Ling's son Ji Gui, King Jing of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
The Chinese people were first divided into a caste system of four occupations.
543 BC The Zheng prime minister Zichan established the state's first written civil code.
520 BC Ji Gui died. He was succeeded by his son King Dao of Zhou.
Dao was murdered by his brother.
519 BC Dao's brother Ji Gai, King Jing of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
515 BC The Wu king Liao was killed by the assassin Zhuan Zhu.
514 BC King Helü of Wu became king of Wu.
506 BC Battle of Boju: Wu decisively defeated a numerically superior Chu force at Boju.

5th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
500 BC Cast iron was first invented in China.
486 BC The Wu king King Fuchai of Wu ordered the building of the Han Canal.
484 BC Wu Zixu died.
482 BC The Yue king King Goujian of Yue captured the Wu capital in a surprise assault.
479 BC The generally agreed upon date of Confucius' death.
477 BC Ji Gai died.
475 BC Ji Gai's son King Yuan of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
473 BC Wu was annexed by Yue.
470 BC Mozi was born.
469 BC Yuan died.
518 BC Yuan's son King Zhending of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
465 BC Goujian died.
441 BC Zhending died. He was succeeded by his son King Ai of Zhou.
Ai was murdered and succeeded as king by his younger brother King Si of Zhou.
Si was murdered by his brother King Kao of Zhou.
440 BC Kao became king of the Zhou dynasty.
432 BC The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was constructed.
426 BC Kao died.
425 BC Kao's son King Weilie of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
403 BC Partition of Jin: Weilie recognized the Jin nobles Marquess Wen of Wei, Marquess Lie of Zhao and Marquess Jing of Han as marquesses, granting de jure independence from Jin to the states of Wei, Zhao and Han.
402 BC Weilie died.
401 BC Weilie's son King An of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.

4th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
400 BC Gan De was born.
Shi Shen was born.
The earliest surviving Chinese maps appeared.
The first Chinese star catalogue was compiled.
389 BC The Zuo Zhuan was published.
386 BC The city of Handan was founded to serve as the Zhao capital.
381 BC The Chu prime minister Wu Qi was murdered by nobles at the funeral of its king King Dao of Chu.
376 BC An died.
375 BC An's son King Lie of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
Zheng was annexed by Han.
370 BC Zhuang Zhou was born.
369 BC Lie died.
368 BC Lie's brother King Xian of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
361 BC Duke Xiao of Qin became duke of Qin.
356 BC Xiao's adviser Shang Yang implemented a legal code in Qin based on the Canon of Laws which established punishment for complicity in a crime, established a system of military ranks, and implemented policies encouraging the cultivation of unsettled land.
354 BC Battle of Guiling: Wei laid siege to the Zhao capital Handan.
353 BC Battle of Guiling: The Wei army fled Handan in response to reports of a Qi attack on their capital Daliang and were defeated by Qi forces at Guiling, in modern Changyuan County.
342 BC Battle of Maling: Qi dealt Wei a bloody defeat.
The crossbow was first used in China.
338 BC Xiao died. He was succeeded by his son King Huiwen of Qin.
Shang and his family were executed by dismemberment on charges of treason.
321 BC Xian died.
320 BC Xian's son King Shenjing of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
319 BC The Confucian Mencius became a Qi official.
316 BC Sun Bin died.
Shu was conquered and annexed by Qin.
Ba was conquered and annexed by Qin.
315 BC Shenjing died.
314 BC Shenjing's son King Nan of Zhou became king of the Zhou dynasty.
311 BC Huiwen died.
310 BC Huiwen's son King Wu of Qin became king of Qin.
Xun Kuang was born.
307 BC The Zhou king King Wuling of Zhao ordered his cavalry to begin wearing clothes fashioned after those of the Donghu and Xiongnu peoples.
Wu died.
306 BC Wu's brother King Zhaoxiang of Qin became king of Qin.
305 BC Zou Yan was born. The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips were written.

3rd century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
300 BC Erya was published.
The Guodian Chu Slips were produced.
293 BC Battle of Yique: Qin dealt a bloody defeat to a Wei-Han alliance.
278 BC Qin conquered the Chu capital Ying.
The Chu poet Qu Yuan wrote Lament for Ying and drowned himself in the Miluo River because he could not bear his exile any long or to his despair for the state of his fellow countrymen
262 BC April Battle of Changping: Zhao intercepted a Qin invasion of the commandery of Shangdang .
260 BC July Battle of Changping: Qin forces encircled the Zhao army, forcing its surrender. The Zhao general Zhao Kuo was killed in action.
July Battle of Changping: The captured Zhao soldiers were executed.
259 BC 18 February Qin Shi Huang is Born.
256 BC Nan submitted to Zhaoxiang and took the title Duke of West Zhou.
Nan died. His territory was annexed by Qin.
The Dujiangyan irrigation system was built.
251 BC Zhaoxiang died.
250 BC The first drawings of the repeating crossbow appeared in Chu records.
13 September Zhaoxiang's son King Xiaowen of Qin became king of Qin.
15 September Xiaowen died. He was succeeded by his son King Zhuangxiang of Qin.
247 BC 7 May Zhuangxiang died. He was succeeded by his son Qin Shi Huang.
246 BC The Zhengguo Canal was completed by Zheng Guo of Qin.
230 BC Qin's wars of unification: Qin invaded Han.
227 BC Jing Ke failed in an assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang.
225 BC Qin conquered Wei.
223 BC Qin conquered Chu.
222 BC Qin conquered Yan.
Qin conquered Zhao.
221 BC Qin conquered Qi.
The Heirloom Seal of the Realm was carved.
220 BC Qin Shi Huang took the title Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China.
Construction began on the Great Wall of China.
Chancellor Li Si standardized the Chinese writing system with the creation of Small Seal Script.
214 BC The Lingqu Canal was built.
213 BC Burning of books and burying of scholars: All copies of the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents and works of the Hundred Schools of Thought were ordered burned.
210 BC 10 September Qin Shi Huang died from mercury pills made by his alchemists and court physicians; ironically these pills were meant to make Qin Shi Huang immortal.
Qin Shi Huang was buried with the Terracotta Army in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
October Qin Shi Huang's son Qin Er Shi succeeded him as emperor of China.
209 BC The Xiongnu chanyu Modu Chanyu established the Xiongnu Empire on the Eurasian Steppe.
July Dazexiang Uprising: Military officers Chen Sheng and Wu Guang began a rebellion for fear of being executed after failing to arrive at their posts.
December Dazexiang Uprising: Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were assassinated by their own men.
208 BC Li was executed on charges of treason. Zhao Gao, who had framed him, was appointed chancellor in his stead.
207 BC Battle of Julu: Chu forces led by the warlord Xiang Yu defeated a numerically superior Qin force, killing a large fraction of the Qin army.
October Zhao Gao had Qin Er Shi killed. Qin Er Shi's nephew Ziying succeeded him.
The Chu general Emperor Gaozu of Han entered the Qin capital Xianyang.
December Ziying killed Zhao.
December Ziying surrendered to Gaozu.
206 BC Feast at Hong Gate: Gaozu fled a banquet after it became clear that Xiang had invited him there to be killed.
Xiang led an army into Xianyang, burned the Epang Palace and killed Ziying and the royal family.
205 BC Battle of Jingxing: Han forces dealt a decisive defeat to a numerically superior Zhao army at Jingxing Pass.
204 BC The Qin general Zhao Tuo established the state of Nanyue.
202 BC Battle of Gaixia: Gaozu's Han forces destroyed the Western Chu army led by Xiang in modern Suzhou.
Gaozu took the title emperor and established his capital in Luoyang.

2nd century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
200 BC Battle of Baideng: The Xiongnu encircled and besieged a superior Han force.
The multi-tube seed drill was invented.
195 BC 1 June Gaozu died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Hui of Han.
193 BC The Han chancellor Xiao He died.
190 BC Chang'an became the eastern terminus of the Silk Road to Europe.
188 BC Hui died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Qianshao of Han.
186 BC Zhang Liang died.
184 BC Qianshao was deposed and killed on the orders of the empress dowager Empress Lü Zhi. He was succeeded by his brother Emperor Houshao of Han.
180 BC Lü Clan Disturbance: Houshao was deposed by imperial officials led by Chen Ping and Zhou Bo. He was succeeded by his uncle, Gaozu's son Emperor Wen of Han.
168 BC The Mawongdui Silk Texts were buried at Mawongdui.
157 BC Summer Wen died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Jing of Han.
141 BC 9 March Jing died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Wu of Han.
140 BC Wu adopted Confucianism.
139 BC The Eight Immortals of Huainan published the Huainanzi.
135 BC Han campaigns against Minyue: The Han dynasty invaded Minyue after a plea for assistance from its vassal state Nanyue.
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty: The Han dynasty annexed Minyue.
133 BC June Battle of Mayi: A Han deception failed to lure the Xiongnu into an ambush at Mayi.
125 BC Zhang Qian returned to the Han court to report on his travels to the kingdoms of Dayuan, Kangju, the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Parthia and Mesopotamia.
119 BC January Battle of Mobei: A Han expedition into the Orkhon Valley began which would deal a decisive and bloody defeat to the Xiongnu.
111 BC Han campaigns against Minyue: The Minyue rump state of Dongyue was invaded and annexed by the Han dynasty.
Han–Nanyue War: The Han dynasty conquered and annexed Nanyue.
109 BC Han campaigns against Dian: The Han dynasty invaded and annexed the Dian Kingdom.
108 BC December Battle of Loulan: Han forces attacked the Loulan Kingdom at Lop Nur.
102 BC Han forces laid siege to Kokand.

1st century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
100 BC Steel was first used in China.
91 BC Sima Qian completed the Records of the Grand Historian.
87 BC 29 March Wu died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Zhao of Han, with Huo Guang, Jin Midi and Shangguang Jie acting as regents.
86 BC Jin died.
74 BC Zhao died.
18 July The Prince of Changyi was appointed emperor of Han by Huo Guang.
14 August The Prince of Changyi was deposed.
Huo appointed Wu's great-grandson, then a commoner, Emperor Xuan of Han.
67 BC December Battle of Jushi: Han forces defeated the people of the Gushi culture, at that time subject to the Xiongnu, at Jiaohe in modern Turpan.
60 BC The Protectorate of the Western Regions was established.
49 BC Xuan died.
48 BC Xuan's son Emperor Yuan of Han became emperor of the Han dynasty.
Consort Ban was born.
40 BC The earliest surviving Chinese record of the treadle-operated tilt hammer appeared.
37 BC Jing Fang died.
36 BC December Battle of Zhizhi: A Han force breached and destroyed a fortress occupied by the Xiongnu chanyu Zhizhi Chanyu at Taraz, killing him.
33 BC Yuan died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Cheng of Han.
30 BC The earliest surviving mention of the wheelbarrow appeared.
18 BC Liu Xiang compiled the Biographies of Exemplary Women.
7 BC Cheng died. He was succeeded by his nephew Emperor Ai of Han.
1 BC Ai died.
Ai's young cousin Emperor Ping of Han was appointed emperor of the Han dynasty, with Wang Mang acting as regent.

Centuries: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th

1st century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1 The first model of a stern-mounted rudder was produced.
2 A census counted fifty-nine million people in the Han empire.
3 Ping established a national school system. Ban Biao, first author of the Book of Han, is born.
6 3 February Ping died after being poisoned by Wang, who became acting emperor.
8 Liu Xin completed a star catalogue and calculated the length of the year.
9 Wang declared himself emperor of the Xin dynasty.
Wang introduced the well-field system of land distribution and agricultural production.
10 Wang introduced an income tax of ten percent for professionals and skilled laborers.
Wang outlawed the private use of crossbows.
12 Wang abandoned the well-field system under pressure from the aristocracy.
17 Wang imposed government monopolies on liquor, salt, iron, coinage, forestry, and fishing.
Mother Lü initiated a rebellion against a county magistrate in Haiqu County, near modern Rizhao.
18 Yang Xiong died.
23 Battle of Kunyang: Lülin forces broke the siege of Kunyang, in modern Ye County, by a vastly superior Xin army.
6 October Lülin rebels stormed the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang. The Gengshi Emperor ascended the throne, restoring the Han dynasty.
25 Red Eyebrows Rebellions: The Gengshi Emperor was executed.
Red Eyebrows Rebellions: The Red Eyebrows appointed Liu Penzi their emperor.
5 August The Han warlord Emperor Guangwu of Han took the title emperor.
27 Red Eyebrows Rebellions: The Red Eyebrows surrendered to the Han dynasty.
31 Du Shi invented waterwheel-powered bellows for smelting cast iron.
32 Ban Gu, co-author of the Book of Han, is born.
33 A blockade of the Yangtze River by the rebel Gongsun Shu was broken by Han castle ships.
43 Second Chinese domination of Vietnam: Vietnam fell into Han control.
45 Ban Zhao, China's first female historian, is born.
52 The Yuejue Shu was written.
57 29 March Guangwu died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Ming of Han.
58 The Han chancellor Deng Yu died.
65 Ming's half brother Liu Ying converted to Buddhism.
68 The Buddhist White Horse Temple was established in Luoyang.
73 February Battle of Yiwulu: A punitive Han expedition against the Xiongnu captured territory in the area of modern Hami City.
75 Ming died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Zhang of Han.
83 Wang Chong correctly theorized the nature of the water cycle.
87 Yuan An was appointed situ.
88 Zhang died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor He of Han.
89 June Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han and allied forces defeated the army of the Northern Chanyu and accepted the surrender of two hundred thousand Xiongnu soldiers in the Altai Mountains.
97 The Han general Ban Chao sent the envoy Gan Ying to the outskirts of the Roman Empire.
100 Xu Shen completed the Shuowen Jiezi.

2nd century

[edit]
Year Date Event
105 Cai Lun invented papermaking.
13 February He died.
His infant son Emperor Shang of Han was made emperor of Han with empress dowager Deng Sui acting as regent.
106 Shang died.
Shang's young cousin Emperor An of Han became emperor, with Deng Sui continuing to act as regent.
111 Ban Zhao completed the Book of Han.
120 Zhang Heng completed a star catalogue which also argued for a spherical moon that reflects light.
125 Zhang invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.
The earliest known Chinese depiction of a mechanical distance-marking odometer was drawn.
30 April An died.
The Marquess of Beixiang became emperor of the Han dynasty.
The Marquess of Beixiang died.
An's son Emperor Shun of Han became emperor of the Han dynasty.
132 Zhang invented a seismometer capable of indicating the direction of earthquakes.
Cai Yong was born.
142 The Cantong qi was published.
144 Shun died. He was succeeded by his infant son Emperor Chong of Han, with empress dowager Liang Na and her brother Liang Ji acting as regents.
145 Chong died.
Chong's young third cousin Emperor Zhi of Han became emperor of the Han dynasty, with Liang Na acting as regent.
146 Liang Ji poisoned Zhi, killing him.
1 August Emperor Huan of Han became emperor of the Han dynasty.
147 Lokaksema was born.
148 The Buddhist missionary An Shigao arrived in China.
166 Sino-Roman relations: A Roman envoy arrived at the Han capital Luoyang.
Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions: Several ministers and some two hundred university students, who had opposed the influence of corrupt eunuchs at the royal court, were arrested.
168 Huan died.
Emperor Ling of Han became emperor of the Han dynasty.
177 Cai Wenji was born.
179 The earliest known reference to The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art appeared.
180 Ding Huan invented the rotary fan.
184 Yellow Turban Rebellion: The Taoist sect leader Zhang Jue called on his followers in the Han provinces to rebel against the government.
Winter Liang Province Rebellion: The Qiang people launched a rebellion against Han authority in the area of modern Wuwei.
185 Zhi Yao first translated Buddhist texts into Chinese.
189 13 May Ling died.
Ling's son Liu Bian became emperor of the Han dynasty.
Forces loyal to the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu massacred some two thousand eunuchs in the Han capital Luoyang.
28 September The Han general Dong Zhuo deposed Liu Bian as emperor and appointed his brother Emperor Xian of Han in his stead.
190 February Campaign against Dong Zhuo: A coalition led by Yuan Shao gathered at Hangu Pass in anticipation of an expedition against Dong.
192 22 May Dong was assassinated by his foster son Lü Bu.
194 Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong: The warlord Sun Ce attacked and conquered territory administered by Lu Kang.
197 War between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu almost take Cao Cao's life. Cao Cao's oldest son perished in the battle, but Zhang Xiu later (199) surrendered to Cao Cao to face Yuan Shao together.
198 Winter Battle of Xiapi: The allied forces of the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeated an army loyal to Lü Bu in Xuzhou.
200 November Battle of Guandu: Forces loyal to Cao Cao dealt a bloody defeat to Yuan Shao near the confluence of the Bian and Yellow Rivers.

3rd century

[edit]
Year Date Event
204 The warlord Gongsun Kang established the Daifang Commandery on the Korean Peninsula.
208 Winter Battle of Red Cliffs: Forces loyal to the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan decisively repelled Cao Cao in an attempted invasion across the Yangtze River.
211 September Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeated an alliance of anti-Han rebels in modern Tongguan County, securing his control over Guanzhong.
215 Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Zhang, the governor of Yi Province in modern Sichuan and Chongqing, surrendered Chengdu to Liu Bei.
Battle of Xiaoyao Ford: A plague outbreak forced Sun Quan to abandon the attempted conquest from Cao Cao of a fortress at Hefei.
219 Battle of Han River: Liu Bei ambushed and dealt a bloody defeat to Cao Cao's army in Hanzhong.
September Battle of Fancheng: Cao Cao repelled an attack by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu in modern Fancheng District, at great cost to both sides.
December Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province: Liu Bei's generals Shi Ren and Mi Fang defected to Sun Quan, surrendering to his general Lü Meng the main defense posts of Jingzhou.
220 10 December End of the Han dynasty: Cao Cao's son Cao Pi forced Xian to abdicate the throne and declared himself emperor of Cao Wei.
221 Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han.
Battle of Xiaoting: The Shu Han generals Wu Ban and Feng Xi attacked and destroyed an Eastern Wu army at Wu Gorge.
222 Sun Quan declared himself king of Eastern Wu.
Battle of Xiaoting: Eastern Wu forces attacked and burned the Shu Han camps and dealt serious casualties during their retreat.
223 10 June Liu Bei died. He was succeeded by his son Liu Shan, with Li Yan and chancellor Zhuge Liang acting as regents.
225 Autumn Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign: The rebel leader Meng Huo surrendered Nanzhong to Zhuge Liang.
226 29 June Cao Pi died. He was succeeded by Cao Rui, who may have been his son or his wife Lady Zhen's by a previous marriage to Yuan Xi.
228 Battle of Jieting: Cao Wei forces encircled and destroyed a Shu Han army guarding the supply line for an invasion in modern Qin'an County.
Battle of Shiting: A Cao Wei army was lured into an ambush by Eastern Wu in modern Qianshan County and dealt heavy casualties on its retreat.
229 Sun Quan declared himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
232 Cao Zhi died.
234 Autumn Battle of Wuzhang Plains: Shu Han forces made an orderly retreat from Cao Wei forces on the Wuzhang Plains after Zhuge Liang fell ill and died.
239 22 January Cao Rui died. He was succeeded by his young adopted son Cao Fang, with Cao Shuang and Sima Yi acting as regents.
244 April Battle of Xingshi: Shu Han forces stalled a Cao Wei invasion at Mount Xingshi in the modern Changqing National Nature Reserve.
247 Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions: Cao Wei pushed back an invasion by the Shu Han general Jiang Wei across the Tao River.
248 Eastern Wu forces killed the Vietnamese rebel Lady Triệu.
249 Incident at Gaoping Tombs: Sima Yi took control of the Cao Wei capital Luoyang during Cao Fang and Cao Shuang's absence.
252 Sun Quan died. He was succeeded by his young son Sun Liang, with the general Zhuge Ke acting as regent.
254 Sima Yi's son, the regent Sima Shi, deposed Cao Fang, who was succeeded by Cao Pi's grandson Cao Mao.
255 Ma Jun invented the south-pointing chariot.
258 Sun Liang was deposed by the regent Sun Chen.
Sun Liang's brother Sun Xiu was made emperor of Eastern Wu.
260 Coup of Cao Mao: Cao Mao was murdered in a failed attempt to kill the regent Sima Zhao at his residence.
Cao Cao's grandson Cao Huan was made emperor of Cao Wei.
263 November Conquest of Shu by Wei: The Cao Wei general Deng Ai accepted the surrender of the Shu Han emperor Liu Shan outside the capital Chengdu.
Liu Hui published a revised version of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.
264 3 September Sun Xiu died.
Sun Quan's grandson Sun Hao was made emperor of Eastern Wu.
265 Cao Wei instituted the nine-rank system of civil servants.
6 September Sima Zhao died. His eldest son and heir, Sima Yan, inherited his position as regent of Cao Wei and noble title of King of Jin.
Pei Xiu introduced the grid reference and the concept of scale to Chinese mapmaking.
266 4 February Cao Huan, last emperor of Cao Wei, abdicated in favour of Sima Yan.
8 February Sima Yan formally enthroned himself as Emperor of Jin, establishing the Jin dynasty. Sima Yan is posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Jin.
20 March Emperor Wu of Jin established his wife Yang Yan as Empress.
267 4 February Emperor Wu of Jin established his oldest living son, the developmentally disabled Sima Zhong, as Heir.
280 15 March Conquest of Wu by Jin: Sun Hao presented himself as a prisoner to the Jin general Wang Jun.
Chen Shou compiled the Records of the Three Kingdoms.
290 17 May Emperor Wu died. He was succeeded by his developmentally disabled son Emperor Hui of Jin, with Yang Jun acting as regent.
291 War of the Eight Princes: Hui's wife Jia Nanfeng invited troops loyal to his brother Sima Wei into the Jin capital Luoyang to imprison the empress dowager Empress Yang Zhi and her relatives.

4th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
304 The Xiongnu noble Liu Yuan declared himself prince of Former Zhao.
The Di warlord Li Xiong declared himself prince of Cheng Han.
307 8 January Hui was poisoned, probably by the regent Sima Yue.
Hui's brother Emperor Huai of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
311 Huai was kidnapped from the capital Luoyang by Former Zhao forces.
313 Goguryeo conquered and annexed the Lelang Commandery.
14 March Huai was executed.
Huai's nephew Emperor Min of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
316 Min surrendered to the Former Zhao general Liu Yao during a siege of the Jin capital Chang'an.
317 Emperor Yuan of Jin declared himself prince of Jin, with his capital at Jiankang.
318 Min was executed.
319 The Jie warlord Shi Le declared himself prince of Later Zhao.
320 Zhang Mao issued a general pardon to the people of Former Liang.
322 The first accurate tomb depiction of stirrups appeared.
323 3 January Yuan died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Ming of Jin.
324 The rebel Wang Dun died.
325 18 October Ming died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Cheng of Jin.
328 The rebel Su Jun was defeated by the Jin generals Tao Kan and Wen Jiao.
329 The Later Zhao general Shi Hu captured Shanggui in modern Tianshui and killed the Former Zhao emperor Liu Xi and his nobility.
337 23 November The Xianbei Murong Huang declared himself prince of Former Yan.
342 26 June Cheng died. He was succeeded by his brother Emperor Kang of Jin.
344 17 November Kang died. He was succeeded by his infant son Emperor Mu of Jin.
347 The Jin general Huan Wen captured the Cheng Han capital Chengdu.
351 The Jin general and Di chief Fu Jian declared himself Tian Wang of Former Qin.
The Later Zhao emperor Shi Zhi and his court were killed by one of his generals on the orders of the warlord Ran Min.
353 Wang Xizhi wrote the Lantingji Xu.
361 10 July Mu died.
Mu's cousin Emperor Ai of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
365 30 March Ai died. He was succeeded by his brother Emperor Fei of Jin.
366 Gu Kaizhi became a Jin officer.
369 A Jin army led by Huan was annihilated as it retreated from the Former Yan capital Ye by the general Murong Chui.
370 The Former Yan emperor Murong Wei was captured by the Former Qin prime minister Wang Meng.
372 6 January Huan deposed Fei in favor of his granduncle Emperor Jianwen of Jin.
12 September Jianwen died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Xiaowu of Jin.
376 26 September Duke Zhang Tianxi of Former Liang surrendered to Former Qin.
383 November Battle of Fei River: A Jin army defeated a massively larger Former Qin force, inflicting some seven hundred thousand casualties and expanding Jin territory north to the Yellow River.
384 The Xianbei Former Qin general Murong Chui declared himself prince of Later Yan.
The Former Qin general Yao Chang declared himself prince of Later Qin.
385 The Xianbei chief and Former Qin vassal Qifu Guoren joined an active rebellion and declared the independence of Western Qin.
386 20 February Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei declared himself prince of Northern Wei.
The Former Qin general Lü Guang declared himself Tian Wang of the majority-Di Later Liang.
394 The Former Qin emperor Fu Chong was killed and his territory annexed by Western Qin forces.
396 Xiaowu was suffocated by one of his concubines. He was succeeded by his young and severely disabled son Emperor An of Jin.
397 Xiongnu rebels established the Northern Liang, with the Han Duan Ye as king.
The Xianbei chief Tufa Wugu declared the independence of Southern Liang from Later Liang.
398 Murong Chui's brother Murong De declared himself prince of Southern Yan.
399 Faxian left for India to acquire Buddhist texts.
400 Six commanderies of Northern Liang seceded as Western Liang, under the kingship of the Han Li Gao.

5th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
403 Under military pressure from Southern Liang and Northern Liang, the Later Liang emperor Lü Long surrendered his capital Guzang, in modern Wuwei, to the Later Qin emperor Yao Xing.
404 Huiyuan wrote On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings, arguing for the independence of Buddhist clergy from the monarchy.
405 Tao Yuanming retired.
407 The Later Yan emperor Murong Xi was beheaded by his adoptive nephew, the Korean people Gao Yun, who became emperor of the successor state of Northern Yan.
The Later Qin general Helian Bobo declared himself Tian Wang of the majority-Xiongnu Xia.
410 25 March The Southern Yan emperor Murong Chao was executed by Jin along with his court and nobility.
414 Western Qin conquered the Southern Liang capital Ledu, in modern Haidong.
417 The Later Qin emperor Yao Hong surrendered to the Jin general Emperor Wu of Liu Song.
419 28 January An was strangled on Wu's orders and succeeded by his brother Emperor Gong of Jin.
420 Wu deposed Gong, marking the beginning of the Liu Song dynasty.
421 The Western Liang prince Li Xun committed suicide during the siege of his capital Dunhuang by Northern Liang.
431 Summer The Western Qin prince Qifu Mumo was executed along with his nobility by the Xia emperor Helian Ding.
Helian Ding was captured by the khan of Tuyuhun.
436 4 June The Northern Yan emperor Feng Hong fled the capital Helong in the face of an attack by Northern Wei.
460 Juqu Anzhou, the prince of Northern Liang in exile in Gaochang, was killed with his family by the Rouran Khaganate.
475 Bodhidharma arrived in China.
477 The oldest known painted depiction of a horse collar was made in the Mogao Caves.
479 The Liu Song emperor Emperor Shun of Liu Song was deposed by his general Emperor Gao of Southern Qi.
485 The Northern Wei emperor Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei introduced the equal-field system.
496 Change of Xianbei names to Han names: Xianbei names were converted to Han names in Northern Wei.

6th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
502 The young Southern Qi emperor Emperor He of Southern Qi was deposed by his general Emperor Wu of Liang.
523 The Songyue Pagoda was built.
534 The Northern Wei emperor Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei fled the capital Luoyang to Chang'an at the advance of his general Gao Huan.
Gao Huan appointed Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei emperor of Eastern Wei with his capital at Ye.
535-536 Extreme weather events. Snow reportedly falls in August, which caused harvests to be delayed.
543 The Yupian was completed.
550 5 June The Eastern Wei general Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi deposed Xiaojing and established the state of Northern Qi.
557 The Liang general Emperor Wu of Chen deposed the emperor Emperor Jing of Liang, establishing the Chen dynasty.
15 February The Western Wei general Yuwen Hu deposed the emperor Emperor Gong of Western Wei in favor of his own cousin Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou, establishing the successor state of Northern Zhou.
577 4 February The Northern Qi emperor Gao Heng and his father, the Taishang Huang Gao Wei, were executed with their family by Northern Zhou.
581 The Northern Zhou emperor Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou was forced to abdicate in favor of his regent Emperor Wen of Sui, initiating the Sui dynasty.
582 Compilation began of the Jingdian Shiwen.
589 Yan Zhitui first referred to toilet paper.
10 February Sui forces captured the Chen capital Jiankang and its emperor Chen Shubao.
598 Goguryeo–Sui War: A Sui army of some three hundred thousand, led by the general Yang Liang, invaded Goguryeo.

7th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
601 The Qieyun was published.
602 Sui–Former Lý War: Sui conquered and annexed the Early Lý dynasty.
604 13 August Wen died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Yang of Sui.
605 The imperial examination was first used as the sole criterion for appointing local officials in Sui.
The Zhaozhou Bridge was completed.
607 Japanese missions to Sui China: The Wa emissary Ono no Imoko arrived in Sui.
609 The Grand Canal was completed.
610 Engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai invented an improved water clock.
Yang ordered his commanderies to submit maps and gazetteers to the central government.
611 The Four Gates Pagoda was completed.
612 Battle of Salsu: Goguryeo routed a Sui invasion force at the Chongchon River, inflicting some three hundred thousand casualties.
616 Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas first visited China.
617 18 December The rebel Emperor Gaozu of Tang, in control of the Sui capital Chang'an, declared Yang Taishang Huang and his grandson Yang You emperor.
618 12 June Transition from Sui to Tang: Gaozu deposed Yang You.
621 28 May Battle of Hulao: Tang forces defeated and captured the warlord Dou Jiande at Hulao Pass.
624 Ouyang Xun completed the Yiwen Leiju.
626 2 July Xuanwu Gate Incident: Gaozu's son Emperor Taizong of Tang assassinated his brothers Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng.
4 September Gaozu retired. Taizong succeeded him.
630 Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks: Tang forces captured the khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in the Yin Mountains.
635 The first Christian missionaries arrived in China.
Nestorian monks from Anatolia and the Sasanian Empire built the Daqin Pagoda.
Alopen wrote the Jesus Sutras.
Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun: The Tuyuhun khan Murong Fuyun, in flight from Tang forces and with much of his army destroyed, was killed by his officers.
The Book of Liang was published.
636 The Xumi Pagoda was completed.
The Book of Chen, Book of Northern Qi, Book of Zhou, and Book of Sui were compiled.
638 Tibetan attack on Songzhou: Tibetan forces raided the city of Songzhou, in modern Songpan County.
640 The Protectorate General to Pacify the West was established.
Tang campaign against Karakhoja: Tang defeated and annexed Gaochang.
641 Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo: Taizong sent his general Li Shiji to support the restoration of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under Qilibi Khan against Xueyantuo.
643 Taizong commissioned Yan Liben to paint portraits of his officials at Lingyan Pavilion.
644 Tang campaigns against Karasahr: A Tang army captured Karasahr and installed a friendly king.
645 20 July First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War: Tang forces dispersed a Goguryeo army which had arrived in defense of Ansi City.
646 Bianji compiled the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions.
647 The Protectorate General to Pacify the North was established.
648 The Book of Jin was compiled.
Tang campaigns against Karasahr: Tang forces captured the king of Karasahr.
649 The four arts were first written of as skills required of a Chinese scholar-official.
19 January Tang campaign against Kucha: Kucha surrendered to Tang forces.
10 July Taizong died.
15 July Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
657 Gaozong commissioned the compilation of a materia medica.
Battle of Irtysh River: Tang forces ambushed and largely destroyed the army of the Western Turkic Khaganate at the Irtysh River.
659 The History of the Southern Dynasties and the History of the Northern Dynasties were completed.
663 Battle of Baekgang: The allied navies of Silla and the Tang dynasty defeated a combined Baekje restorationist and Japanese force in the lower reaches of the Geum River.
666 The Chinese Buddhist monks Zhiyu and Zhiyou crafted a mechanical south-pointing chariot for the Japanese emperor Emperor Tenji.
668 The Protectorate General to Pacify the East was established.
683 27 December Gaozong died.
684 The Qianling Mausoleum was completed.
Luo Binwang died.
690 16 October Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian became emperor of the Tang dynasty. She was the only generally recognized female emperor in Chinese history.
692 Tang forces reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi from Tibet.
700 The Dunhuang map was created.

8th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
704 The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda was rebuilt.
705 22 February Wu Zetian was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her son Emperor Zhongzong of Tang.
23 February Zhongzong became emperor of Tang.
709 The Small Wild Goose Pagoda was completed.
710 Liu Zhiji compiled the Shitong.
Shangguan Wan'er died.
3 July Zhongzong died after being poisoned, probably by his wife Empress Wei.
8 July Zhongzong's son Emperor Shang of Tang became emperor of Tang, with Wei acting as regent.
25 July A coup led by Gaozong's daughter Princess Taiping and grandson Emperor Xuanzong of Tang killed Wei and deposed Shang in favor of his uncle, Gaozong's son Emperor Ruizong of Tang.
712 8 September Ruizong abdicated the throne to Xuanzong.
The Pear Garden was established.
713 The Kaiyuan Za Bao was first published.
715 First encounter between the Tang dynasty and the Umayyad Arabs. Tang dynasty defeats the Arab occupation force in Fergana Valley, reinstalls Ikhshid on the throne.
717 Arabs attack Transoxiana hoping to capture the Tang dynasty's Four Garrisons of Anxi district, but are routed in the Battle of Aksu.
725 Yi Xing invented a water-powered armillary sphere.
729 Gautama Siddha completed the compilation of the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era.
740 Wu Daozi died.
Meng Haoran died.
744 Du Fu and Li Bai first met.
751 July Battle of Talas: After the defection of their Karluk mercenaries, a Tang force was defeated by a vastly superior Abbasid-Tibetan allied army on the Talas River, probably near modern Talas.
755 16 December An Lushan Rebellion: The Tang jiedushi An Lushan declared himself emperor of Yan.
Zhang Xuan died.
756 Spring Battle of Yongqiu: Yan forces retreated from their siege of a Tang fortress in Yongqiu, in modern Kaifeng.
12 August The Tang army declared Xuanzong's son Emperor Suzong of Tang emperor at Lingwu.
10 September Xuanzong recognized Suzong as emperor.
757 Battle of Suiyang: Yan forces finally conquered Suiyang, in modern Suiyang District, after a siege that cost the lives of some sixty thousand Yan soldiers and thirty thousand Tang civilians were lost to starvation and cannibalism.
758 Arab and Persian pirates looted and burned the Tang seaport of Guangzhou.
759 Wang Wei died.
760 Lu Yu composed The Classic of Tea.
Yangzhou massacre (760): Arab and Persian merchants are killed by Chinese rebels.
762 16 May Suzong died of a heart attack.
18 May Suzong's son Emperor Daizong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
Du Huan wrote the Jingxingji.
763 An Lushan Rebellion: The Yan emperor Shi Chaoyi committed suicide in flight from Tang forces.
779 23 May Daizong died.
12 June Daizong's son Emperor Dezong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
781 The Nestorian Stele was composed.
783 Han Gan died.
785 The Tang official Jia Dan began work on a map of Tang and its former colonies.
794 Prince Li Gao ordered the construction of the first Chinese paddle-wheel ships.

9th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
801 Du You completed the Tongdian.
805 25 February Dezong died.
28 February Dezong's son Emperor Shunzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
31 August Shunzong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
806 Xianzong launched the first of a series of military campaigns against the provinces.
820 14 February Xianzong died, possibly after being poisoned by one of his eunuch officers.
20 February Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
824 25 February Muzong died.
29 February Muzong's young son Emperor Jingzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
Han Yu died.
827 9 January Jingzong was assassinated.
13 January Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
831 An Uyghur sued the son of a Tang general for failure to repay a debt.
840 10 February Wenzong died.
20 February Wenzong's brother Emperor Wuzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
843 A large fire consumed four thousand buildings in an eastern neighborhood of the Tang capital Chang'an.
845 Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: Wuzong abolished Buddhist monasteries as well as establishments of Zoroastrianism and Christianity, which were thought to be Buddhist heresies.
846 22 April Wuzong died.
25 April Wuzong's uncle, Xianzong's son Emperor Xuānzong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
Bai Juyi died.
851 The Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir visited Guangzhou.
852 Du Mu died.
853 Duan Chengshi published the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang.
858 A flood along the Grand Canal and on the North China Plain killed tens of thousands.
859 7 September Xuānzong died.
13 September Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
863 Duan Chengshi published a work describing the slave trade, ivory trade and ambergris trade in Bobali, probably modern Berbera.
868 11 May The Diamond Sutra was printed.
873 15 August Yizong died.
16 August Yizong's son Emperor Xizong of Tang became emperor of the Tang dynasty.
874 Wang Xianzhi launched a rebellion against the Tang government.
879 Guangzhou massacre: The rebel Huang Chao burned and looted Guangzhou and killed as many as two hundred thousand foreigners, mainly Arabs and Persians.
884 13 July Huang was murdered with his immediate family while in flight from Tang forces.
888 20 April Xizong died. He was succeeded by his brother Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.

10th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
904 22 September Zhaozong was killed on the orders of the warlord Zhu Wen, then in control of the Tang capital Chang'an.
26 September Zhu Wen appointed Zhaozong's young son Emperor Ai of Tang emperor of the Tang dynasty.
907 27 February The Khitan chieftain Abaoji became emperor of the Liao dynasty.
12 May Zhu Wen deposed Ai and declared himself emperor of Later Liang. The princes Yang Wo and Wang Jian, who did not recognize Zhu Wen, became de facto independent, as did their states Wu and Former Shu, respectively.
Zhu Wen created Qian Liu the prince of Wuyue.
Zhu Wen created Ma Yin, the jiedushi of the Wu'an Circuit, prince of Chu.
909 27 April Zhu Wen created Wang Shenzhi prince of Min.
917 The earliest Chinese reference to Greek fire appeared.
5 September Liu Yan declared himself emperor of Southern Han.
919 The flamethrower was first described in China.
923 13 May Prince Li Cunxu of Jin declared himself emperor of Later Tang.
18 November The Later Liang emperor Zhu Youzhen was killed by one of his generals at the approach of Li Cunxu to his capital Daliang.
924 14 April Gao Jixing declared himself king of Jingnan.
925 15 December The Former Shu emperor Wang Zongyan surrendered to the Later Tang army at his capital Chengdu.
926 6 September Abaoji died.
927 11 December Abaoji's son Emperor Taizong of Liao became emperor of the Liao dynasty.
934 16 March Meng Zhixiang, the Later Tang jiedushi of the territory of the defunct Former Shu, declared himself emperor of Later Shu.
936 28 November Taizong recognized the Shatuo Later Tang general Shi Jingtang emperor of Later Jin in exchange for the promised cession of the Sixteen Prefectures that formed a natural border around the North China Plain.
937 11 January The Later Tang emperor Li Congke burned himself to death with his family and servants as the joint armies of Liao and Later Jin approached his capital Luoyang.
10 November The Wu emperor Yang Pu was deposed by his general Li Bian, who declared himself emperor of the Wu successor state of Southern Tang.
945 2 October Min was conquered and annexed by Southern Tang.
947 11 January The Later Jin emperor Shi Chonggui was deposed and his territory annexed by the Liao dynasty.
10 March The Shatuo Liu Zhiyuan, a jiedushi of the defunct Later Jin, declared himself emperor of Later Han.
15 May Taizong died.
16 May Taizong's nephew Emperor Shizong of Liao, whom he had raised, became emperor of the Liao dynasty.
950 The earliest known depiction of a fire lance and lobbed grenade appeared.
951 2 January The Later Han emperor Liu Chengyou was killed by one of his officers while attempting to escape the siege of the capital Ye by his general Guo Wei.
13 February Guo Wei declared himself emperor of Later Zhou.
7 October Shizong was murdered by one of his officers.
11 October Shizong's cousin, Taizong's son Emperor Muzong of Liao became emperor of the Liao dynasty.
Southern Tang conquered and annexed Chu.
Liu Zhiyuan's brother Liu Chong declared himself declared himself emperor of Northern Han.
960 Gu Hongzhong painted the Night Revels of Han Xizai.
3 February Emperor Guo Zongxun of Later Zhou was overthrown by his general Emperor Taizu of Song.
4 February Taizu became emperor of the Song dynasty.
Taizu was presented with gunpowder-impregnated fire arrows.
The Hundred Family Surnames was composed.
961 The Huqiu Tower was built.
963 The Song dynasty conquered and annexed Jingnan.
965 23 February The Later Shu emperor Meng Chang surrendered to the Song army at his capital Chengdu.
969 12 March Muzong was murdered by his servants on a hunting trip.
13 March Shizong's son Emperor Jingzong of Liao became emperor of the Liao dynasty.
971 Southern Han was conquered and annexed by the Song dynasty.
974 Song troops constructed a floating pontoon bridge across the Yangtze River in order to secure supply lines while fighting against the Southern Tang.
976 1 January Song forces conquered and annexed Southern Tang.
14 November Taizu died.
15 November Taizu's brother Emperor Taizong of Song became emperor of the Song dynasty.
The Yuelu Academy was founded.
977 The pagoda of the Longhua Temple was built.
978 The Taiping Guangji was completed.
The Wuyue king Qian Chu surrendered his territory to Taizong.
979 The Northern Han emperor Liu Jiyuan surrendered to Song.
981 Battle of Bạch Đằng: A Song naval invasion of the Early Lê dynasty via the Bạch Đằng River was aborted after the land invasion was stalled.
982 13 October Jingzong died.
14 October Jingzong's young son Emperor Shengzong of Liao became emperor, with his widow Empress Xiao Yanyan acting as regent.
983 The Taiping Yulan was completed.
984 Qiao Weiyo invented the canal pound lock.
986 The Wenyuan Yinghua was completed.
990 Fan Kuan was born.
993 November First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Liao forces invaded Goryeo.
997 The Longkan Shoujian was completed.
8 May Taizong died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Zhenzong.
1000 The Chinese first used coke in place of charcoal for blast furnaces.

11th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1005 Song signed the Chanyuan Treaty, under which it agreed to pay Liao an annual tribute in silk and silver.
1008 The Guangyun was completed.
1010 Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Liao captured the Goryeo general Kang Cho and burned the capital Kaesong.
An atlas of China was completed.
1013 Cefu Yuangui was completed.
1018 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Liao invaded Goryeo.
1019 10 March Battle of Kuju: Goryeo forces decisively defeated a retreating Liao army at Kuju, near modern Kusong.
1022 23 March Zhenzong died.
24 March Zhenzong's son Emperor Renzong of Song became emperor of the Song dynasty.
1031 25 June Shengzong died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Xingzong of Liao.
1037 The Jiyun was published.
1038 10 November The Tangut chieftain Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia declared himself emperor of Western Xia.
1041 Bi Sheng invented movable type.
1043 Ouyang Xiu and the vice chancellor Fan Zhongyan drafted the Qingli Reforms in Song.
1044 The Wujing Zongyao was completed.
1045 The Lingxiao Pagoda was completed.
1048 19 January Jingzong died. He was succeeded by his infant son Emperor Yizong of Western Xia.
1049 The Iron Pagoda was completed.
1055 The Liaodi Pagoda was completed.
28 August Xingzong died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Daozong of Liao.
1056 The Pagoda of Fogong Temple was completed.
1060 Ouyang Xiu completed the New Book of Tang.
1063 30 April Renzong died.
1 May Emperor Yingzong of Song became emperor of the Song dynasty.
The Pizhi Pagoda was completed.
1067 Yizong died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Huizong of Western Xia.
25 January Yingzong died. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Shenzong of Song.
1068 The dry dock was first used in China.
1069 The Song chancellor Wang Anshi ordered an extensive government reform including the introduction of the baojia system of community-based law enforcement.
1070 The Song ambassador Su Song published the Bencao Tujing.
1072 Guo Xi painted Early Spring.
1075 The Song diplomat Shen Kuo used court archives to reject Daozong's territorial claims.
A proto-Bessemer process was first observed in Cizhou.
1076 Wang resigned.
1077 Su was sent on a mission to Liao.
1080 Shen was appointed to defend Yan'an.
1081 A Song army was dealt some sixty thousand casualties defending Yan'an against an attempted invasion of Song by Western Xia forces.
Su published a 200-volume work on Song-Liao relations.
1084 Sima Guang completed the Zizhi Tongjian.
Li Qingzhao was born.
1085 1 April Shenzong died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Zhezong, with his widow Empress Xiang acting as regent.
Xiang ousted the court faction affiliated with Wang's reforms at Sima's urging.
1086 Huizong died.
Huizong's son Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia became emperor of Western Xia.
1088 Shen published the Dream Pool Essays.
1090 The earliest known description of the mechanical belt appeared.
1094 Su completed a clock tower in Kaifeng.
The Dongpo Academy was established on Hainan.
1100 23 February Zhezong died. He was succeeded by his younger brother Emperor Huizong of Song.

12th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1101 12 February Daozong was murdered. He was succeeded by his grandson Emperor Tianzuo of Liao.
1103 The Yingzao Fashi was published.
1107 Mi Fu died.
1111 The Donglin Academy was founded.
1115 28 January The Wanyan chieftain Emperor Taizu of Jin declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty.
August Taizu conquered the Liao city of Huanglongfu.
1119 Zhu Yu published the Pingzhou Table Talks.
1120 The pagoda of Tianning Temple was completed.
1123 19 September Taizu died.
27 September Taizu's brother Emperor Taizong of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
1124 The Liao general Yelü Dashi established the Khitan Qara Khitai in the Liao northwest.
1125 26 March Jin dynasty forces captured Tianzuo.
November Jin–Song Wars: The Jin army invaded Song.
1126 18 January Huizong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Qinzong.
19 January Emperor Qinzong became emperor of the Song dynasty.
1127 9 January Jingkang Incident: The Song capital Kaifeng fell to a Jin siege. Huizong and Qinzong were captured with much of their court.
12 June Huizong's son Emperor Gaozong of Song became emperor of the Song dynasty at Lin'an City.
1132 Song established a standing navy headquartered at Dinghai in modern Dinghai District.
A fire destroyed some thirteen thousand homes in the Song capital Lin'an City.
1135 The Song general Yue Fei defeated the bandit Yang Yao at Dongting Lake.
9 February Taizong died.
10 February Emperor Xizong of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
1139 Chongzong died.
Chongzong's son Emperor Renzong of Western Xia became emperor of Western Xia.
1141 Song signed the Treaty of Shaoxing, under which it relinquished all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River and agreed to pay Jin an annual tribute in silk and silver.
1142 27 January Yue was executed on false charges of treason spurred by the Song chancellor Qin Hui.
1150 9 January Xizong was murdered in a coup by Wanyan Liang, who succeeded him as emperor of Jin.
1153 The Jin capital was moved from Huining Prefecture to Zhongdu.
1157 The Jin capital was moved to Kaifeng.
1161 27 October Wanyan Liang's cousin Emperor Shizong of Jin was declared emperor of Jin in the capital Kaifeng.
16 November Battle of Tangdao: The Jin navy suffered heavy losses in an attempted invasion of Song near the Shandong Peninsula.
27 November Battle of Caishi: Jin forces suffered as many as four thousand casualties at the hands of the Song dynasty in a naval battle which stalled their invasion across the Yangtze.
15 December Wanyan Liang was assassinated by one of his officers near the Yangtze battlefront.
The Yunjing was compiled.
1162 24 July Gaozong abdicated in favor of Emperor Xiaozong of Song.
The Beisi Pagoda was completed.
1164 Song and Jin concluded the Treaty of Longxing.
1165 The Liuhe Pagoda was completed.
1179 Zhu Xi rebuilt the White Deer Grotto Academy.
1189 20 January Shizong died. He was succeeded by his grandson Emperor Zhangzong of Jin.
18 February Xiaozong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Guangzong of Song.
The Chengling Pagoda was built.
1193 Renzong died.
Renzong's son Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia became emperor of Western Xia.
1194 24 July Guangzong was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Emperor Ningzong.

13th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1206 Huanzong was overthrown in a coup.
Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia became emperor of Western Xia.
1208 29 December Zhangzong died. He was succeeded by his brother Wanyan Yongji.
1211 Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia deposed and replaced Xiangzong as emperor of Western Xia.
August Battle of Yehuling: The army of the Mongol Empire captured or killed over four hundred thousand Jin soldiers defending an important mountain pass at Zhangjiakou.
1213 11 September Wanyan Yongji was assassinated.
22 September Emperor Xuanzong of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
1214 The Jin dynasty signed a treaty under which it became a vassal state paying tribute to the Mongol Empire.
1215 1 June Battle of Zhongdu: Mongol forces breached the walls of Zhongdu and massacred its inhabitants.
1217 Jin-Song Wars: The Jin dynasty attacked the Song dynasty and were defeated on their first campaign but on their second campaign later in the year captured Xihezhou.[5]
1223 Shenzong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia.
1224 14 January Xuanzong died.
15 January Xuanzong's son Emperor Aizong of Jin became emperor of the Jin dynasty.
17 September Ningzong died. He was succeeded by Emperor Lizong.
1226 Xianzong died.
Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia became emperor of Western Xia.
1227 18 August The Mongol khagan Genghis Khan died.
Mozhu surrendered to the Mongol Empire during the siege of the Western Xia capital Zhongxing.
1233 26 February Mongol siege of Kaifeng: The Jin general in charge of the defense of the capital Kaifeng surrendered to the besieging Mongol army. Aizong had fled during the siege; his family members still in the city were executed.
1234 9 February Siege of Caizhou: Aizong passed the throne to his general Emperor Mo of Jin and hanged himself in the face of a Mongol siege of Caizhou. The Mongols breached the city.
10 February Siege of Caizhou: Mo died fighting the Mongols at Caizhou.
1247 Qin Jiushao wrote the Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections.
1259 11 August The Mongol khagan Möngke Khan died during a siege of Diaoyu Fortress.
1260 Toluid Civil War: Möngke's brother Ariq Böke declared himself khagan of the Mongol Empire.
5 May Toluid Civil War: Kublai Khan, brother to Möngke and to Ariq Böke, was crowned khagan of the Mongol Empire.
Kublai appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa Imperial Preceptor.
1261 Yang Hui first drew Pascal's triangle.
1264 16 November Lizong died. He was succeeded by his nephew Emperor Duzong.
1265 Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: The Mongol Empire invaded Song.
1267 Battle of Xiangyang: Kublai ordered his general Aju to take Xiangyang.
1270 Sambyeolcho Rebellion: The Sambyeolcho rebelled against Wonjong of Goryeo, the Mongol-allied king of Goryeo.
1271 Marco Polo left Venice.
Kublai declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1273 14 March Battle of Xiangyang: The Yuan army breached and captured Xiangyang.
1274 12 August Duzong died. He was succeeded by his young son Emperor Gong of Song.
5 October Mongol invasions of Japan: A Yuan fleet landed at Tsushima Island.
1275 The Yuan general Bayan of the Baarin defeated a Song army led by the chancellor Jia Sidao.
1276 4 February Gong and his great aunt the grand empress dowager Xie Daoqing surrendered themselves to the Yuan army besieging the Song capital Lin'an City.
14 June Gong's older brother, the young Emperor Duanzong, was crowned emperor of the Song dynasty at Fuzhou.
Qian Xuan retired.
The Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory was built.
1278 The Song general Wen Tianxiang was captured by Yuan forces.
8 May Duanzong died.
10 May Duanzong's younger brother Emperor Bing of Song became emperor of the Song dynasty.
1279 19 March Battle of Yamen: A Yuan fleet destroyed a vastly superior Song force near Yamen. The Song chancellor Lu Xiufu drowned himself with Bing.
1287 The Zhongdu-born Rabban Bar Sauma left for Europe as an ambassador of Arghun, the khan of the Ilkhanate.
December Battle of Pagan: Yuan forces captured the Pagan capital Bagan.
1288 Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt decisively defeated a numerically superior Yuan invasion fleet on the Bạch Đằng River.
1289 Europeans in Medieval China: Franciscan friars first conducted missionary work in China.
1294 18 February Kublai died.
10 May Kublai's grandson Temür Khan became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1293 John of Montecorvino arrives in China and is appointed Archbishop of Khanbaliq (Beijing).
1298 Wang Zhen invented movable wooden type.

14th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1307 10 February Temür died.
21 June Temür's nephew Külüg Khan became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1311 27 January Külüg died.
7 April Külüg's younger brother Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1316 Guo Shoujing died.
1320 1 March Ayurbarwada died.
19 April Ayurbarwada's son Gegeen Khan became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1323 4 September Gegeen was assassinated by the Asud in a coup led by the Khongirad grand censor Tegshi.
4 October Yesün Temür became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1324 Zhongyuan Yinyun was published.
1328 15 August Yesün Temür died.
October Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh Khan was appointed emperor of the Yuan dynasty in Shangdu.
16 October The Yuan general El Temür crowned Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür emperor in Khanbaliq.
14 November Forces loyal to El Temür captured Shangdu and may have executed Ragibagh.
1329 27 February Tugh Temür's brother Khutughtu Khan Kusala crowned himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty in Karakorum with the support of the Chagatai Khanate.
3 April Tugh Temür abdicated in Khutughtu's favor.
30 August Khutughtu died, probably after being poisoned by Tugh Temür.
8 September Tugh Temür was crowned emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1330 The Pagoda of Bailin Temple was completed.
1332 2 September Tugh Temür died.
23 October El Temür crowned Khutughtu's young son Rinchinbal Khan emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
14 December Rinchinbal died.
1333 19 July Rinchinbal's older brother Toghon Temür became emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1334 Wang Dayuan travelled to North Africa.
1342 Papal missionary Giovanni de Marignolli leaves Europe for Khanbaliq (Beijing).
1351 Red Turban Rebellion: The millenarian White Lotus sect first plotted armed rebellion against the Yuan dynasty.
1352 Red Turban Rebellion: The Hongwu Emperor joined the rebellion.
1356 Red Turban Rebellion: The rebel army captured Nanjing.
1363 30 August Battle of Lake Poyang: A Red Turban fleet commanded by the Hongwu Emperor met a fleet led by Chen Youliang, the self-proclaimed king of the rebel state of Han, on Poyang Lake.
4 October Battle of Lake Poyang: The Han navy was destroyed. Chen Youliang was killed.
1368 20 January Red Turban Rebellion: The Hongwu Emperor declared himself emperor of the Ming dynasty.
September Toghon Temür fled Khanbaliq for Shangdu in the face of a Ming advance.
1371 Ming implemented the haijin, a ban on all private maritime commerce.
1373 The Hongwu Emperor abolished the imperial examination in favor of a recommendation system for appointing local Ming officials.
The Temple of the Six Banyan Trees was rebuilt.
1375 16 May Liu Bowen died.
1380 The Hongwu Emperor abolished the office of chancellor and took over direct control of the Three Departments and Six Ministries.
1382 6 January Ming conquest of Yunnan: Basalawarmi, the prince of Liang and a Yuan loyalist, committed suicide during a massive Ming invasion of Yunnan.
The Jinyiwei was established and given supreme judicial authority and complete autonomy in making arrests and issuing punishments.
1384 The Hongwu Emperor reinstituted the imperial examination.
1397 A legal code based on the Tang Code was implemented in Ming.
1398 24 June The Hongwu Emperor died.
30 June The Hongwu Emperor's young grandson the Jianwen Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.

15th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1402 13 July Jingnan Campaign: Forces loyal to the Jianwen Emperor's uncle the Yongle Emperor entered the capital Nanjing and burned the imperial palace with the Jianwen Emperor inside.
1405 11 July Treasure voyages: The Yongle Emperor ordered a fleet of Chinese treasure ships under the command of the admiral Zheng He to reestablish tributary relationships with states in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
The Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum was completed.
1406 Construction began on the Forbidden City and Beijing city fortifications.
1407 10 April The Kagyu karmapa Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama arrived at the Ming capital Nanjing.
16 June Ming–Hồ War: Ming forces captured the Hồ king Hồ Hán Thương.
1408 The Yongle Encyclopedia was completed.
1415 Restoration work on the Grand Canal was completed.
1420 Construction of the Forbidden City and Beijing city fortifications was completed. The Yongle Emperor moved the Ming capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
The Ming tombs were built.
1424 12 August The Yongle Emperor died.
7 September The Yongle Emperor's son the Hongxi Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1425 29 May The Hongxi Emperor died, probably from a heart attack.
27 June The Hongxi Emperor's son the Xuande Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1427 Shen Zhou was born.
1431 Ming recognized the Lê dynasty as a tributary state.
1435 31 January The Xuande Emperor died.
7 February The Xuande Emperor's son the Zhengtong Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1443 The Zhihua Temple was built.
1446 The Precious Belt Bridge was rebuilt.
1449 1 September Tumu Crisis: A Four Oirat force defeated a vastly superior Ming army at Tumu in modern Huailai County and captured the Zhengtong Emperor.
22 September The Zhengtong Emperor's brother the Jingtai Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1457 11 February The Zhengtong Emperor overthrew the Jingtai Emperor in a coup and took power as the Tianshun Emperor.
1461 7 August Rebellion of Cao Qin: An uprising of Mongol soldiers in the Ming capital Beijing, led by the general Cao Qin, was crushed.
1464 23 February The Zhengtong Emperor died.
28 February The Zhengtong Emperor's son the Chenghua Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
The Miao and Yao peoples rebelled against Ming authority in Guangxi.
1473 The Zhenjue Temple was completed.
1487 9 September The Chenghua Emperor died.
22 September The Chenghua Emperor's son the Hongzhi Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1488 The Joseon official Choe Bu suffered a shipwreck in Zhejiang.

16th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1505 8 June The Hongzhi Emperor died.
19 June The Hongzhi Emperor's son the Zhengde Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1510 12 May Prince of Anhua rebellion: Ming tax collectors were murdered on the orders of Zhu Zhifan, the prince of Anhua in modern Shaanxi.
1511 15 August Capture of Malacca: A Portuguese invasion force conquered the Malacca Sultanate.
1513 The Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares arrived on Lintin Island in the Pearl River Delta.
1516 The Portuguese explorer Rafael Perestrello arrived in Guangzhou.
1517 The Portuguese ambassadors Fernão Pires de Andrade and Tomé Pires arrived in Guangzhou.
1519 10 July Prince of Ning rebellion: The prince of Ning Zhu Chenhao declared that the Zhengde Emperor was an usurper and led an expedition toward Nanjing.
1521 20 April The Zhengde Emperor died.
27 May The Zhengde Emperor's cousin, the Chenghua Emperor's grandson the Jiajing Emperor, became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
The Jiajing Emperor expelled the Portuguese embassy.
1529 Wang Yangming died.
1530 An improved sand-driven mechanical clock was invented.
1549 Portuguese trade ships first stopped at Shangchuan Island.
1550 The Mongol chieftain Altan Khan burned and looted the Ming capital Beijing and its suburbs.
1553 The Ming capital Beijing was expanded to the south, increasing its size from 10 to 12 square kilometres (4 to 4+12 square miles).
1554 The Luso-Chinese agreement (1554) for Macau is made between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Ming dynasty.
1556 23 January 1556 Shaanxi earthquake: An earthquake in and around modern Shaanxi killed some eight hundred thousand people.
1557 The Kingdom of Portugal established a permanent settlement in Macau.
1558 Ming forces led by Qi Jiguang dealt the wokou a defeat at Cengang.
1567 23 January The Jiajing Emperor died.
4 February The Jiajing Emperor's son the Longqing Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
The Ming haijin (ban on private maritime commerce) was repealed.
1572 5 July The Longqing Emperor died.
19 July The Longqing Emperor's son the Wanli Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1573 Spain established a permanent base at Manila.
1574 Qin Liangyu was born.
1576 The Pagoda of Cishou Temple was built.
1577 The Wanshou Temple was built.
1580 The grand secretary Zhang Juzheng instituted the single whip law, under which all monetary and labor obligations to the central government were consolidated into a single silver payment.
1582 Jesuit China missions: The Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci arrived in Macau.
Private newspapers were first published in Beijing.
1584 The earliest known depiction of the sailing carriage appeared.
1587 Li Shizhen published the Compendium of Materia Medica.
1590 Wu Cheng'en wrote Journey to the West.
1592 Japanese invasions of Korea: Some two hundred thousand Japanese troops invaded Joseon.
1593 8 January Siege of Pyongyang: A combined Ming-Joseon force drove the Japanese army from Pyongyang.
1597 23 December Siege of Ulsan: A combined Ming-Joseon force arrived at the Japanese-controlled Ulsan Japanese Castle.
1598 29 September Battle of Sacheon: A Japanese army under siege at Sacheon drove off a numerically superior Ming-Joseon force after the accidental explosion of the Ming powder cache.
16 December Battle of Noryang: The allied navies of Ming and Joseon dealt heavy damage to a Japanese fleet attempting to break their blockade of Suncheon Japanese Castle.
The Peony Pavilion was first performed at the Pavilion of Prince Teng.

17th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1602 The Dutch East India Company (VOC) began shipping Chinese ceramics to Europe.
1604 The grand secretary Gu Xiancheng reopened the Donglin Academy in Wuxi, establishing the Donglin movement.
1607 Euclid's Elements was first translated into Chinese.
1609 Sancai Tuhui was published.
1610 Jin Ping Mei was published.
1615 The Zihui was compiled.
1616 17 February Nurhaci declared himself khan of the later Jin dynasty.
All foreign Jesuits were expelled from the Ming imperial court and astronomy bureau.
1619 18 April Battle of Sarhu: The last of four Ming armies was destroyed during a retreat from a punitive expedition against Nurhaci and the later Jin. Its commander Li Rubai committed suicide
Wang Fuzhi was born.
1620 18 August The Wanli Emperor died.
28 August The Wanli Emperor's son the Taichang Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
26 September The Taichang Emperor died.
1 October The Taichang Emperor's young son the Tianqi Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
1624 The VOC established the state of Dutch Formosa.
1626 Johann Adam Schall von Bell wrote the first Chinese language treatise on the telescope.
The Jesuit Nicolas Trigault invented the first system for the romanization of Chinese.
Battle of Ningyuan: A Ming force defended Xingcheng against a numerically superior later Jin army. Nurhaci suffered fatal wounds.
1627 January First Manchu invasion of Korea: Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, the khan of the later Jin dynasty, invaded Joseon.
30 September The Tianqi Emperor died.
2 October The Tianqi Emperor's younger brother the Chongzhen Emperor became emperor of the Ming dynasty.
13 December The eunuch Wei Zhongxian committed suicide on hearing that the Jinyiwei had issued a warrant for his arrest.
The Zhengzitong was published.
The Polish Jesuit Michał Boym first introduced the heliocentric model of the solar system into Chinese astronomy.
1632 The later Jin dynasty conquered Inner Mongolia.
1634 The Chongzhen Emperor acquired the telescope of the late Johann Schreck.
1635 Liu Tong wrote a preface to the Dijing Jingwulue.
1637 30 January Second Manchu invasion of Korea: The Joseon king Injo of Joseon recognized Hong Taiji's Qing dynasty as the legitimate rulers of China.
Song Yingxing published the Tiangong Kaiwu.
1638 The Peking Gazette first used moveable type.
1639 Xu Guangqi published a treatise on agriculture.
Chen Hongshou arrived in Beijing.
1641 8 March Xu Xiake died.
1642 1642 Yellow River flood: The Ming governor of Kaifeng destroyed the levees holding back the Yellow River in order to break the siege of the peasant army of Li Zicheng. The resulting flood destroyed Kaifeng and killed some three hundred thousand people.
A Han army was made the last of the Qing Eight Banners.
1643 21 September Hong Taiji died.
8 October Hong Taiji's young son the Shunzhi Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1644 25 April The Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself from the Zuihuai as the army of Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty breached the walls of the Ming capital Beijing.
27 May Battle of Shanhai Pass: A Shun army was dealt a heavy defeat by the Qing and the former Ming general Wu Sangui at Shanhai Pass.
4 June Li Zicheng fled Beijing.
8 November Shunzhi Emperor enthroned in Beijing.
1645 20 May Yangzhou Massacre: The Qing Dynasty slaughter the inhabitants of Yangzhou city in 6 days according to the contemporary account given by Wang Xiuchu.[6] Xiuchu’s entire account spans 10 days and puts the death toll at 800,000 although Lynn A. Struve conjectures that the city’s population was hardly likely to have been more than 300,000.[7]
1653 January The 5th Dalai Lama, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, visited the Qing capital Beijing.
1659 Jesuits Martino Martini and Ferdinand Verbiest arrived in China.
1661 5 February The Shunzhi Emperor died. He was succeeded by his young son the Kangxi Emperor, with the Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor acting as regents.
14 June The Southern Ming admiral Koxinga declared the establishment of the Kingdom of Tungning on Taiwan.
1662 1 February Siege of Fort Zeelandia: The VOC surrendered Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan to Koxinga.
1664 Schall von Bell was imprisoned.
1673 Revolt of the Three Feudatories: Wu rebelled against the Qing dynasty on the pretext of seeking to restore the Ming.
1682 The Belgian Jesuit Antoine Thomas arrived in China.
1683 Battle of Penghu: A Qing fleet destroyed the Tungning navy at Penghu. The king of Tungning Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing.
1684 The first of the Qing Thirteen Factories, neighborhoods where foreigners were allowed to live and trade, were established outside Guangzhou.
1689 27 August The Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia, under which the two countries mutually agreed to a border at the Stanovoy Range.
1690 Yun Shouping died.
1698 The Lugou Bridge was reconstructed.

18th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1705 4 December The papal legate Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon arrived in the Qing capital Beijing.
1711 The East India Company (EIC) established a trading post in Guangzhou.
The Peiwen Yunfu was completed.
1715 19 March Chinese Rites controversy: The pope Pope Clement XI issued a papal bull forbidding veneration of the dead and worship of Confucius among Chinese converts to Catholicism.
1716 The Kangxi Dictionary was published.
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet: A Qing expedition expelled the invading forces of the Dzungar Khanate from Tibet.
1721 Chinese Rites controversy: The Kangxi Emperor banned Christian missions in China.
1722 20 December The Kangxi Emperor died.
27 December The Kangxi Emperor's son the Yongzheng Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1725 The Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China was completed.
1729 Opium criminalized in China.
1732 Jiang Tingxi died.
1735 8 October The Yongzheng Emperor died. He was succeeded by his son the Qianlong emperor.
1750 The French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot was sent to China.
1755 Ten Great Campaigns: The khan of the Dzungar Khanate surrendered to invading Qing forces.
The Puning Temple was built to commemorate the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate.
1760 The Canton System was established, under which the Chinese merchants operating in the Thirteen Factories were organized into a guild, the Cohong, and given an official monopoly.
1771 The Putuo Zongcheng Temple was completed.
1774 The Wenjin Chamber was built.
1780 A pagoda was built at Fragrant Hills.
1782 The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries was completed.
1791 Dream of the Red Chamber was published.
1793 14 September Macartney Embassy The British ambassador George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney was introduced to the Qianlong Emperor.
1796 9 February The Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favor of his son the Jiaqing Emperor.
White Lotus Rebellion: White Lotus began an armed rebellion against the Qing dynasty.

19th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1807 Protestant missions in China 1807–1953: The Protestant missionary Robert Morrison arrived in China.
1820 2 September The Jiaqing Emperor died.
3 October The Jiaqing Emperor's son the Daoguang Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1823 The Bible was first published in Chinese.
1839 3 June Destruction of opium at Humen: The Qing Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu ordered the destruction of roughly a thousand tons of opium seized from EIC merchants in Humen.
1842 29 August First Opium War: The Qing dynasty and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Nanking, under which the former agreed to end the monopoly of the Cohong, pay reparations for the war and the destruction of opium, and cede Hong Kong Island in perpetuity.
1844 Wei Yuan published the Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms.
3 July The Qing dynasty and the United States signed the Treaty of Wanghia, according to which the United States was granted most favoured nation (MFN) status and extraterritoriality was granted to its citizens resident in China.
1850 25 February The Daoguang Emperor died.
9 March The Daoguang Emperor's son the Xianfeng Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1851 11 January Jintian Uprising: The followers of Hong Xiuquan, who believed him to be the younger brother of Jesus, announced their rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in modern Guiping.
1855 Third plague pandemic: A plague pandemic began in Yunnan which would kill hundreds of thousands in China and millions worldwide.
Punti-Hakka Clan Wars: An ethnic conflict began in Guangdong between the Punti and Hakka peoples which would claim roughly a million lives.
1856 23 October Second Opium War: The British navy began a bombardment of Guangzhou.
1858 28 May The Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Aigun, ceding to Russia the land north of the Amur River.
June Second Opium War: The Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Tientsin, under which foreigners were granted greater freedom of movement within China and France and the United Kingdom were promised war reparations.
18 November Battle of Sanhe: A Taiping army encircled and destroyed a much smaller Qing force in Anhui.
1860 18 October Second Opium War: British and French forces looted and burned down the Old Summer Palace in the Qing capital Beijing.
24 October The Qing prince Prince Gong signed the Convention of Peking, ratifying the Treaty of Tientsin and ceding the Kowloon Peninsula in perpetuity to the United Kingdom.
1861 Gong established the Zongli Yamen to temporarily supervise the conduct of foreign affairs throughout the Qing government.
22 August The Xianfeng Emperor died.
11 November The Xianfeng Emperor's young son the Tongzhi Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1862 Dungan Revolt: A disordered uprising began among the Hui people living on the west bank of the Yellow River.
The Tongwen Guan school of European languages was established.
1864 May The Ever Victorious Army of the Qing dynasty was disbanded.
1868 22 August Yangzhou riot: Scholar-officials resident in Yangzhou instigated a riot in which the headquarters of the British missionary society OMF International were attacked and burned.
Nian Rebellion: The last of the rebel armies was destroyed.
1870 June Tianjin massacre: A riot took place in Tianjin in which some sixty people, including foreigners and Chinese Christians, were killed.
1871 Li Hongzhang was appointed Viceroy of Zhili.
1873 Panthay Rebellion: The last surviving Panthay rebels were defeated by the Qing dynasty in Tengchong.
1875 12 January The Tongzhi Emperor died.
21 February Margary Affair: The British diplomat Augustus Raymond Margary was murdered with his retinue in Tengchong.
25 February The young Guangxu Emperor became emperor of the Qing dynasty, with the empress dowagers Empress Dowager Ci'an and Empress Dowager Cixi acting as regents.
1876 21 August The Qing dynasty and the United Kingdom signed the Chefoo Convention, under which Qing promised to punish those responsible for Margary's murder and repeal the likin.
1884 23 August Battle of Fuzhou: A French fleet destroyed the Qing Fujian Fleet at the mouth of the Min River.
1887 September The Yellow River flood kills up to 2 million people and makes an additional 2 million homeless. At the time, it was the deadliest natural disaster ever recorded.
1891 Foreign businessmen established the Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association in Shanghai.
1894 1 August First Sino-Japanese War: War was officially declared between Japan and the Qing dynasty.
1895 17 April First Sino-Japanese War: The Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, under which it recognized the independence of Joseon, granted Japan MFN status and ceded to it Penghu, Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula.
1898 11 June Hundred Days' Reform: The Guangxu Emperor instituted reforms including radical changes in the imperial examination and the elimination of sinecures.
21 September The Guangxu Emperor was removed from the imperial palace in a coup organized by Cixi and Ronglu, the Viceroy of Zhili.
1900 21 June Boxer Rebellion: Cixi responded to anti-foreign unrest by issuing the Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers in the Guangxu Emperor's name.

20th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1901 7 September Boxer Rebellion: The Qing dynasty and Eight-Nation Alliance signed the Boxer Protocol, under which the Alliance was granted war reparations and the right to station troops in the capital Beijing.
1908 14 November The Guangxu Emperor died of arsenic poisoning.
2 December The Guangxu Emperor's young nephew Puyi became emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1911 27 April Second Guangzhou Uprising
10 October Wuchang Uprising: New Army soldiers staged a mutiny in Wuchang District and occupied the residence of the Viceroy of Huguang.
29 December 1911 Chinese provisional presidential election: Sun Yat-sen was elected president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, with a majority of sixteen of the seventeen provincial representatives of the Tongmenghui in Nanjing.
1912 1 January Xinhai Revolution: Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.
12 February Xinhai Revolution: Puyi's regent, the empress dowager Empress Dowager Longyu, signed an edict under which Puyi would retain his imperial title but all power would pass to the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.
10 March Sun Yat-sen resigned in favor of Yuan Shikai.
25 August The Tongmenghui and several smaller revolutionary parties merged to form the Kuomintang (KMT).
December 1912 Chinese National Assembly election: An election to the National Assembly under the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China began which would produce pluralities for the KMT in the House and Senate.
1913 20 March Assassination of Song Jiaoren: Song Jiaoren, founder of the KMT was assassinated, most likely by then-president Yuan Shikai.
12 July A failed Second Revolution started in Southern China in response to Yuan Shikai's dictatorial policies and the assassination of Song Jiaoren
1915 8 January Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to the Republic of China, including demands for territory in Shandong, Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, rights of extraterritoriality for its citizens in China, and influence in China's internal affairs.
15 September Chen Duxiu founded the magazine New Youth.[8]
12 December Yuan declared himself the Hongxian Emperor of the Empire of China.
The progressive, anti-Confucian New Culture Movement was founded.
25 December National Protection War: The republican generals Cai E and Tang Jiyao declared the independence of Yunnan from the Empire of China.
1916 16 June Yuan died.[9]
1917 7 November History of the Chinese Communist Party: Bolsheviks led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin seized power in Russia in the October Revolution.
1919 4 May May Fourth Movement: A student protest against the Treaty of Versailles took place at Tiananmen.
28 June The Treaty of Versailles, among whose provisions was the transfer of German territories in Shandong to Japan, was signed.
1920 14 - 23 July Zhili–Anhui War, a conflict between the Zhili and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government.
1921 23 July The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded.[10]
4 December The first installment of Lu Xun's novel The True Story of Ah Q, the first work written in written vernacular Chinese, was published.
1923 January The Radio Corporation of China was founded.[11]
6 January The KMT and CCP agreed to the First United Front, under which Communists would join the KMT as individuals to help combat warlordism.
1924 5 November The last Emperor of China, Puyi, is evicted from the Forbidden City, severing the last imperial connection to the palace.
1925 26 January Sun Yat-sen, China's Father of the Nation, dies from cancer.
1926 9 July Northern Expedition: The KMT general Chiang Kai-shek launched an expedition of some hundred thousand National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers from Guangdong against the warlords Zhang Zuolin, Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang.
1927 12 April Shanghai massacre: KMT forces led by Chiang attack Communist allies in Shanghai, initiating a full-scale purge of Communists in regions under KMT control.
1 August Nanchang uprising: Communist forces launched an uprising against the KMT in Nanchang.
1928 7 May Jinan incident: The Japanese general Hikosuke Fukuda tortured and killed seventeen of Chiang's representatives in Jinan.
4 June Huanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin's train was blown up by the Japanese Kwantung Army, killing him.
10 October Chiang became chairman of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China.
1931 July Encirclement campaign against the Northeastern Jiangxi Soviet: The NRA encircled and invaded the Northeastern Jiangxi Soviet.
July - November 1931 China floods: Flooding began in the valleys of the Yellow, Yangtze and Huai Rivers, which would claim as many as four million lives. As of 2024, it was the deadliest natural disaster ever recorded.
18 September Mukden incident: In a false flag operation against the Republic of China, Japanese agents set off a dynamite explosion near a South Manchuria Railway line.
Japanese invasion of Manchuria: The Kwantung Army invaded all Manchurian territory along the South Manchuria Railway.
7 November The Chinese Soviet Republic was established in Ruijin.
15 December Chiang resigned under pressure from the KMT. Lin Sen became acting chairman of the Nationalist government.
1932 1 January Lin Sen became chairman of the Nationalist government.
28 January January 28 incident: Japanese aircraft carriers began bombing Shanghai in a series of raids which would kill some four thousand soldiers of the 19th Route Army and as many as twenty thousand Chinese civilians.
4 February Defense of Harbin: Japanese bombs and artillery forced the Jilin Self-Defence Army to retreat from Harbin.
18 February The independent state of Manchukuo was established on the territory of Japanese-occupied Manchuria.
9 March Pacification of Manchukuo: The Big Swords Society rebelled en masse against the government of Manchukuo.
1934 February Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling established the quasi-fascist New Life Movement.
16 October Long March: The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army broke through the KMT lines attempting to encircle them at Ganzhou.
1935 5 February First Encirclement Campaign against Hubei–Henan–Shaanxi Soviet: Red Army forces forced the retreat of a KMT army attempting to encircle the soviet of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi.
9 December December 9th Movement: A student protest took place in Beijing demanding internal liberalization and stronger anti-Japanese resistance.
1936 Japan opened a biological warfare operation called Unit 731 in Manchukuo.
12 December Xi'an Incident: Zhang Xueliang arrested Chiang in Xi'an due to concerns he was insufficiently committed to anti-Japanese resistance.
1937 7 March Marco Polo Bridge incident: Roughly one hundred Chinese soldiers were killed defending the Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing from a Japanese attack.
22 September The KMT and CCP joined to establish the Second United Front, which led to the Communists recognizing at least for the moment Chiang Kai-shek as China's leader and the official dissolution of the Chinese Soviet Republic. The Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies, which were nominally part of the NRA chain of command.
25 September Battle of Pingxingguan: The Eighth Route Army wiped out a Japanese force of a few hundred attempting to bring supplies through Pingxing Pass.
26 October Battle of Shanghai: The NRA began withdrawing from downtown Shanghai in the face of a Japanese onslaught.
10 December Battle of Nanking: The Japanese Central China Area Army launched a full-scale assault on Nanjing.
13 December Nanjing Massacre: Nanjing fell to the Japanese Central China Area Army. A six-week massacre began in which tens of thousands of women were raped and as many as three hundred thousand civilians were killed.
1938 18 February Bombing of Chongqing: The Japanese army and naval air services began a bombing campaign against civilian targets in Chongqing which would kill some ten thousand people.
7 April Battle of Taierzhuang: The Japanese army was forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses in an attempted conquest of Tai'erzhuang District.
5 June 1938 Yellow River flood: KMT forces destroyed a major dyke in an effort to create a flood to slow down Japanese forces. Nearly a million citizens died.
1939 1 September The nominally independent Mengjiang was established on the Mongol territories of the Japanese-occupied Chahar and Suiyuan provinces.
17 September Battle of Changsha: The Japanese army attacked Changsha.
1940 20 August Hundred Regiments Offensive: Communist NRA soldiers under Peng Dehuai began a campaign of terrorism and sabotage against Japanese targets in North China.
1941 1 February The Communist official Mao Zedong gave a speech in Yan'an entitled "Reform in Learning, the Party and Literature," establishing the Yan'an Rectification Movement and beginning an ideological purge which would claim some ten thousand lives.
30 September Battle of Changsha: A Japanese army began a general retreat after failing to take Changsha.
1942 15 January Battle of Changsha: A Japanese army crossed the Xinqiang River after suffering heavy losses in a failed attempt to conquer Changsha.
1943 1 August Lin Sen died. Chiang became acting chairman of the Nationalist government.
27 November Cairo Conference: Chiang, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and British prime minister Winston Churchill issued the Cairo Declaration, under which the three powers expressed their desire for the independence of Korea and the return of Chinese territories.
1944 27 May Battle of Changsha: The Japanese army launched a general offensive against Changsha.
1945 26 June The United Nations Charter establishing the United Nations (UN) was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center by fifty nations including China.
6 August Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: As many as eighty thousand Japanese, largely civilians, were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by a United States aircraft.
9 September Surrender of Japan: Japanese forces in China formally surrendered to Chiang Kai-shek.
25 October Surrender of Japan: China regains control of Taiwan from Japan and was proclaimed as Retrocession Day. Chen Yi of the Kuomintang was appointed Chief Executive.
November Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China: The Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched a campaign against bandits and KMT guerillas in northeast China.
1946 20 July Chinese Civil War: The NRA invaded PLA-held territory en masse.
1947 28 February February 28 Incident: Nationalist forces violently suppressed an anti-government protest in Taiwan Province.
25 December The Constitution of the Republic of China came into force, dissolving the Nationalist government and renaming the NRA the Republic of China (ROC) Armed Forces.
1948 2 November Liaoshen Campaign: The last ROC garrison in Manchuria, in Yingkou, retreated in the face of a PLA advance.
15 December Huaihai Campaign: The PLA encircled an ROC army in Xuzhou.
1949 21 January Chiang resigned the presidency of the Republic of China due to military failures and under pressure from his vice president Li Zongren, who succeeded him as acting president.
31 January Pingjin Campaign: The PLA took Beijing.
23 April Chinese Civil War: The PLA conquered the ROC capital Nanjing. The ROC moved its capital to Guangzhou.
19 May The ROC government imposes the 38-year martial law in Taiwan
1 October Mao declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
10 December The ROC moved its capital from Chengdu to Taipei.
1950 5 March Landing Operation on Hainan Island: Chinese forces landed on ROC-controlled Hainan.
25 June Korean War: The North Korean army launched a 135,000-man surprise assault across the 38th parallel into South Korea.
25 November Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River: The Chinese 38th Group Army broke the UN line between the 7th Infantry Division and 8th Infantry Division in the valley of the Chongchon River.
Mass executions of political prisoners took place in the Canidrome.
1951 23 May Representatives of the Dalai Lama of Tibet the 14th Dalai Lama and of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China signed the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, which guaranteed Tibetan autonomy within China and called for the integration of the Tibetan Army into the PLA.
1952 January The five-anti campaign, which encouraged accusations against the bourgeoisie of crimes such as bribery and tax evasion, was founded. see Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1953 The first of the five-year plans of China, which called for construction of heavy industry, began to be carried out.
1955 20 January Battle of Yijiangshan Islands: People's Liberation Army captures the Yijiangshan Islands near Zhejiang from the ROC forces.
1956 An outbreak of the Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 occurred in China.
1957 27 February Mao published a speech entitled "On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People," marking the founding of the Hundred Flowers Campaign which encouraged criticism of the government and the Communist Party.
July Mao instigated the Anti-Rightist Movement during which hundreds of thousands of alleged rightists, including many who had criticized the government during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, were purged from the CCP or sentenced to labor or death.
1958 Great Leap Forward: The CCP led campaigns to massively overhaul the Chinese economy and society with such innovations as collective farming and the use of backyard furnaces.
Mao launched the Four Pests Campaign, which encouraged the eradication of rats, flies, mosquitos and sparrows.
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis: PLA fails to capture ROC-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu Islands in Fujian.
1959 10 March 1959 Tibetan uprising: A rebellion broke out in the Tibetan regional capital Lhasa after rumors the government was planning to arrest the 14th Dalai Lama at the local PLA headquarters.
Great Chinese Famine: A famine began which would claim as many as forty million lives over three years.
1960 16 April Sino-Soviet split: A CCP newspaper accused the Soviet leadership of "revisionism."
1962 20 October Sino-Indian War: The PLA attacked Indian forces across the Line of Actual Control.
1964 5 January Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung was first published.
16 October 596: The Chinese government detonated its first nuclear weapon at Lop Nur.
The ROC government outlaws Taiwanese Hokkien language in schools and official settings
The second of two volumes of Simplified Chinese characters ordered by the State Council of the People's Republic of China was published.
1966 19 August Cultural Revolution: The CCP launched a campaign to destroy the Four Olds.
The Three-Self Patriotic Movement, the sole government-sanctioned Protestant church, was abolished.
1968 Deng Pufang was thrown from a third-story window at Peking University by Red Guards, crippling him.
22 December The People's Daily published an editorial entitled "We too have two hands, let us not laze about in the city," invigorating the Down to the Countryside Movement under which the sent-down youth, many former Red Guards, were relocated from the cities to the country.
1969 2 March Sino-Soviet border conflict: PLA forces attacked the Soviet Border Troops of the Soviet Union on Zhenbao Island, killing 59.
1 October The Beijing Subway opened in Beijing.
1970 24 April China launched Dong Fang Hong I, its first satellite.
1971 July United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger visited Beijing.
13 September Cultural Revolution: Lin Biao dies in mysterious air crash after failed coup.
25 October China and the United Nations: The People's Republic of China is admitted to the United Nations, replacing the Republic of China.
1972 28 February 1972 Nixon visit to China: The United States and China issued the Shanghai Communiqué pledging to normalize relations during the visit of the former's president Richard Nixon.
1974 19 January Battle of the Paracel Islands: Some fifty South Vietnamese soldiers were killed in a Chinese conquest of the Paracel Islands.
1975 5 April Chiang Kai-shek died.
1976 8 January The premier Zhou Enlai died.
5 April Tiananmen Incident: Some four thousand people were arrested during a protest against the removal of wreaths, flowers and poems laid at the Monument to the People's Heroes in Zhou's memory.
27 July 1976 Tangshan earthquake: An earthquake with its epicenter near Tangshan killed roughly a quarter of a million people.
9 September Mao died.
6 October The Gang of Four, a political faction including Mao's wife Jiang Qing, was arrested on the orders of the premier Hua Guofeng.
7 October Hua became Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party.
1977 Beijing Spring: A brief period of political liberalization began.
1978 11 October The poet Huang Xiang pasted pro-democracy, anti-Mao poems on the Democracy Wall in Beijing.
December The Communist official Deng Xiaoping became paramount leader of China.
December Chinese economic reform: Economic liberalization measures including the replacement of collective farming with the household-responsibility system began to be instituted.
December Deng Xiaoping first advocated for the Four Modernizations, of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology.
1979 1 January China and the United States issued the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, under which the latter recognized the PRC as the legitimate government of China and terminated its participation in the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan.
6 March Sino-Vietnamese War: China declared that the punitive objective of its invasion of Vietnam had been achieved and began to retreat.
30 March Deng Xiaoping declared in a speech the Four Cardinal Principles not subject to debate within China.
1980 The first of the Special Economic Zones of China, characterized by low regulation and the encouragement of foreign investment, were established.
28 June Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–90: Chinese forces began shelling the Vietnamese Cao Bằng Province.
18 September The one-child policy, under which Chinese couples are heavily fined for additional children after their first, with some exceptions, came into force, and then phased out in 2015.
1984 19 December The Sino-British Joint Declaration, under which China and the United Kingdom agreed to the transfer of Hong Kong to China and the preservation there of democracy and capitalism under the one country, two systems model, was signed during the visit of the British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.
1987 7 May 1987 Lieyu massacre: 19 people killed by the Republic of China Army targeting Vietnamese boat people near the coast of Kinmen.
Martial law in Taiwan lifted.
1988 14 March Johnson South Reef Skirmish: The PLA took control of the Johnson South Reef after a short naval battle in which some seventy Vietnamese soldiers were killed.
1989 15 April Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: A crowd gathered at the Monument to the People's Heroes.
4 June Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Anywhere from 241 to 5 thousand people killed in the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
24 June Jiang Zemin became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
1990 18 March Wild Lily student movement in Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall which saw less bloodshed compared to the Tiananmen protests in Beijing.
Shanghai Stock Exchange re-opened on 26 November and began operation on 19 December.
1991 1 May Legislative Yuan and National Assembly delegates elected in 1947 resigns.
26 December The Soviet Union officially dissolves leaving the People's Republic of China as the only major communist state on Earth.
The first McDonald's restaurant in mainland China opened in Beijing.
1992 First free democratic elections for the Legislative Yuan held since 1948 in Taiwan only.
Deng Xiaoping traveled south to reassert the economy policy.
1993 27 April Wang–Koo summit took place in Singapore: the first public meeting between figures of non-governmental organization (NGO) since 1949.
1994 8 December 1994 Karamay fire: A fire at a theater in Karamay killed some three hundred people.
1996 The first direct presidential elections in Chinese history took place in Taiwan with Lee Teng-hui and the Kuomintang retaining power.
1997 19 February Deng Xiaoping died.
1 July Hong Kong handover ceremony: A ceremony marked the return of sovereignty over Hong Kong to China from the United Kingdom under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
The term Great Firewall was coined to describe the tools of Internet censorship in China.
1998 June 1998 China floods: China experienced massive flooding including floods of the Yangtze River, the Nen River, the Songhua River and the Pearl River. The People's Liberation Army gained further respect for their actions amongst the people.
1999 7 May United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade: United States bombers under the command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization accidentally bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
22 July The Chinese government declared the religious organization Falun Gong illegal.
20 December Transfer of sovereignty over Macau: Sovereignty over Macau was transferred from Portugal to China.
2000 China passed Japan as the country with which the United States has the largest trade deficit.

21st century

[edit]
Year Date Event
2000 Chen Shui-bian, the opposition candidate from the native DPP, elected president by a lead of 2.5% of votes marking the end of the KMT rule of China. Voter turnout was 82.69%; first peaceful transfer of power since the formation of the Chinese Republic in 1912 and in Taiwan since 1945.
Four Noes and One Without
2001 23 January Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident: Five declared by Chinese government members of Falun Gong may have burned themselves to death in Tiananmen Square.
1 April Hainan Island incident: A United States intelligence aircraft was intercepted and forced to make an emergency landing on Hainan.
10 November World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001: The PRC joined the World Trade Organization, subjecting it to that body's free trade and dispute resolution agreements. The following year, the ROC joined the WTO under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to adhere with the One China policy.
2002 15 November 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party: Hu Jintao succeeded Jiang Zemin as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
16 November An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome began in Guangdong.
2003 15 October The PRC launched its first crewed space mission Shenzhou 5.
2004 19 September Jiang Zemin resigned his position as chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and succeeded by Hu Jintao.
2005 14 March The controversial Anti-Secession Law was passed, reasserting the PRC's desire for "peaceful reunification" with Taiwan and its right to resolve the issue by force. In response, 1.6 million people marched in Taipei against the PRC's "anti-secession law". Similar marches occur across the world by Taiwanese nationalists. Protests against the PRC were held worldwide, including, but not limited to: Chicago, New York City, Washington DC, Paris, and Sydney.
March-April Pan-Blue leaders visit to mainland China
15 April 2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations: Mass demonstrations against Japan took place.
13 November 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions: A series of explosions at a chemical plant in Jilin City killed six and forced the evacuation of tens of thousands.
President Chen is invited and attends the funeral of Pope John Paul II. He is the first ROC president to visit the Vatican.
The National Assembly of the Republic of China convenes for the last time to implement several constitutional reforms, including single-member two-vote districts, and votes to transfer the power of constitutional reform to the popular ballot, essentially abolishing itself.
2007 7 May 2007 Chinese slave scandal: A local television station first reported on missing children kidnapped to work as slaves at brickyards in Shanxi.
10 July Zheng Xiaoyu, the former head of the State Food and Drug Administration, was executed for corruption.
3 August The State Administration for Religious Affairs issued State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5, which required tulkus who planned to be reincarnated to submit an application to the government.
24 October The lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 was launched.
2008 25 January 2008 Chinese winter storms: A series of severe winter storms began which would claim over a hundred lives.
22 March 2008 presidential election; with 58.48% of the vote, KMT candidate Ma Ying-jeou defeats DPP candidate Frank Hsieh. Many voters boycott the referendum on whether and how to join UN so the level of voter participation required for referendum to be considered valid is not achieved.
1 May The Hangzhou Bay Bridge opened to the public.
12 May 2008 Sichuan earthquake: An earthquake with its epicenter in Wenchuan County killed nearly seventy thousand people.
20 May Ma Ying-jeou sworn into office as the 12th President of ROC. Second peaceful transfer of power with the Kuomintang regaining control of the presidency. Tsai Ing-wen inaugurate as the Chairperson of DPP.
16 July 2008 Chinese milk scandal: Sixteen infants were diagnosed with kidney stones in Gansu after drinking formula contaminated with melamine.
8 August 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony: A ceremony marked the beginning of the Olympic Games in Beijing.
6 September 2008 Summer Paralympics: The thirteenth Paralympic Games began in Beijing.
27 September The astronaut Zhai Zhigang completed China's first spacewalk on Shenzhou 7.
6 November Wild Strawberries Movement in Taiwan.[12][13]
2009 5 July July 2009 Ürümqi riots: A riot of some thousand Uyghurs began which involved ethnic violence against the Han in Ürümqi.
1 October 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China: A military parade on Chang'an Avenue in Beijing commemorated the establishment of the PRC.
2010 14 April 2010 Yushu earthquake: An earthquake with its epicenter in Yushu killed as many as three thousand people.
1 May Expo 2010: A world's fair began in Shanghai.
2011 21 September Wukan protests: Farmers in Wukan attacked a government building due to the government's seizure without compensation of their farmland.
29 September Tiangong-1 was launched as China's first prototype space station.
10 October The 100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China was commemorated.
2012 6 February Wang Lijun incident: Wang Lijun, a deputy of Bo Xilai, the Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing, sought refuge at a United States consulate.
4 July The Three Gorges Dam went into operation.
19 August 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations: Anti-Japanese protests took place in China due to a dispute over ownership of the Diaoyu Islands.
15 November 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party: Xi Jinping succeeded Hu Jintao as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
2013 One Belt, One Road was proposed to connect and cooperate among countries primarily between China and rest of Eurasia.
29 September The Shanghai Free-Trade Zone was established.
28 October 2013 Tiananmen Square attack: A car was driven into a crowd in Tiananmen Square, killing the driver and two passengers, Uyghurs associated with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, and two pedestrians.
14 December The lunar lander Chang'e 3 landed on the moon.
2014 China became the world's second largest economy.
1 March 2014 Kunming attack is a terrorist attack, killing 31 civilians and injuring more than 140 others. No group or individual stepped forward to claim responsibility for the attack.
18 March Sunflower Student Movement in Taiwan, students occupy the Legislative Yuan force to halt the enforcement of Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement.
2015 17 June 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence started.
3 September 2015 China Victory Day Parade was held on the Tiananmen Square.
November Ma Ying-jeou meets with Xi Jinping, the first Cross-Strait leader meeting.
2016 16 January presidential election; with 56.3% of the vote, DPP candidate Tsai Ing-wen defeats KMT candidate Eric Chu.
20 May Tsai Ing-wen sworn into office as the 14th and current President of ROC. Third peaceful transfer of power and first female President in Chinese history.
4 September 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit was held in the city of Hangzhou.
15 September Tiangong-2 was launched with mission of more than ten scientific experiments.
2017 25 October 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party: Xi Jinping was re-elected as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
2018 March Xi Jinping removed the term limits of the Presidency.
2019 24 May Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Taiwan.
1 October 70th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China military parade held in Tiananmen Square
December First case of COVID-19 identified in Wuhan leading into the subsequent pandemic.
2020 16 January Tsai Ing-wen re-elected as ROC President continuing deterioration of relations with the PRC.
30 June Hong Kong national security law passed.
2021 2 April 2021 Hualien train derailment: A Taroko Express train was derailed at Hualien County killing 49 passengers and injuring 200 others.
1 July 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party was held as part of the Two Centenaries.
2022 23 October Xi Jinping was re-elected as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party for a precedent-breaking third term of paramount leader after Mao Zedong's death.[14]
30 November Jiang Zemin died
2023 27 October Li Keqiang died

Timeline of Chinese dynasties

[edit]
Timeline of major Chinese dynasties and states
Divisions of Chinese history and their corresponding dynasties

See also

[edit]
Cities in China
Related

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'". BBC News. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  2. ^ Xiaohong, et al. (2002).
  3. ^ a b Huang et al.[permanent dead link] (2002).
  4. ^ Wu, Qinglong; Zhao, Zhijun; Liu, Li; Granger, Darryl E.; Wong, Hui; Cohen, David J.; Wu, Xiaohong; Ye, Maolin; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (5 August 2016). "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's Great Flood and the Xia dynasty". Science. 353 (6299): 579–582. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..579W. doi:10.1126/science.aaf0842. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27493183. S2CID 206646492.
  5. ^ Davis, Richard L. (2009). Smith, Paul Jakov; Twitchett, Denis C. (eds.). "The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189-1194) and Ning-tsung (1194-1224)". The Cambridge History of China. 5, The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279: 827 and 829. ISBN 978-0-521-81248-1 – via Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ Finnane, Antonia (13 October 2004). "Yangzhou's Ten Days". Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850. Harvard East Asian Monographs. 236 (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Centre. doi:10.1163/9781684174003_007 – via Brill and JSTOR.
  7. ^ Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers’ Jaws. Translated by Struve, Lynn A. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  8. ^ Ash, Alec (6 September 2009). "China's New New Youth". The China Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  9. ^ Zhengyuan Fu. (1994) Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics, Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-521-44228-1.
  10. ^ 楊立傑 (30 April 2013). "共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立". Xinhua (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  11. ^ Miller, Toby (2003). Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Routledge Publishing. ISBN 0-415-25502-3
  12. ^ Cooper, Marc (7 December 2008). "Taiwanese students protest demonstration law". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  13. ^ "Wild Strawberries: Taiwanese Student Movement Stirs Anew". Huffington Post. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  14. ^ "China's leader Xi Jinping secures third term and stacks inner circle with loyalists". The Guardian. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
  • Charles E. Little (1900), "China", Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, New York: Funk & Wagnalls – via Internet Archive
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "China", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via Hathi Trust
Published in the 21st century
[edit]