Christian Democratic Appeal
Christian Democratic Appeal Christen-Democratisch Appèl | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | CDA |
Leader | Henri Bontenbal (list) |
Chairperson | Jean Wiertz (list) |
Leader in the Senate | Theo Bovens (list) |
Leader in the House of Representatives | Henri Bontenbal (list) |
Leader in the European Parliament | Tom Berendsen |
Founded | 23 June 1973 (alliance) 11 October 1980 (party) |
Merger of | Catholic People's Party Anti-Revolutionary Party Christian Historical Union |
Headquarters | Buitenom 18, The Hague |
Youth wing | Christian Democratic Youth Appeal |
Think tank | Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor het CDA |
Membership (2024) | 29,721[1] |
Ideology | Christian democracy Social conservatism |
Political position | Centre to centre-right |
Religion | Christianity |
Regional affiliation | Christian Group[2] |
European affiliation | European People's Party |
European Parliament group | European People's Party |
International affiliation | Centrist Democrat International |
Colours | Green |
Senate | 6 / 75 |
House of Representatives | 5 / 150 |
Provincial councils | 42 / 570 |
European Parliament | 3 / 31 |
Benelux Parliament | 1 / 21 |
Website | |
cda | |
The Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch Appèl, pronounced [krɪstə(n)deːmoːkraːtis ɑˈpɛl], CDA) is a Christian democratic[3][4][5][6] and socially conservative[7][8] political party in the Netherlands. It was originally formed in 1977 from a confederation of the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union; it has participated in all but four of the Dutch cabinets formed since it became a unitary party.
History
[edit]Predecessor parties
[edit]Since 1880, the Catholics and the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) had worked together in the so-called Coalition. They shared a common interest in public funding of religious schools. In 1888, they formed the first Christian democratic cabinet, the Mackay cabinet.[9] The cooperation was not without problems, and in 1894 the more anti-Catholic and aristocratic conservatives left the ARP, to found what would become the Christian Historical Union (CHU) in 1908.[10] Within both parties, there would always be some desire to reunite.[11] Meanwhile in 1904 the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses was formed, which would turn into the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP) in 1926 and the Catholic People's Party (KVP) in 1945.[12]
During the Interwar period, all three parties were continuously in government. After the war, the KVP had grown apart from CHU and in particular the ARP and would not govern with them until 1952 and 1958 respectively, instead governing with the Labour Party (PvdA) in Roman/Red cabinets.[13] At the same time, the parties started working together on the European level, with CHU and ARP joining KVP in the Nouvelles Equipes Internationale in 1953.[14][15] As a result of secularisation and depillarisation, the three parties lost their majority[a] in the 1959 general election for the first time since 1918.[16]
Influenced by the Second Vatican Council, the KVP had written the report Grondslag en karakter van de KVP ("Foundation and character of the KVP") and adopted its conclusions, which called for Christian democratic cooperation, in December 1966.[17] The Night of Schmelzer in October 1966 exposed divisions between and within the three parties and led to disappointing elections for all three parties.[18] As a result, the three parties agreed to an initiative by the ARP to form the Group of Eighteen in April 1967, consisting of six prominent politicians per party, which was tasked with finding a common foundation for Christian politics and if they did, with finding the best way forward.[19]
Meanwhile within the ARP and KVP, Christian-radical members came to regret their vote in the 1967 general election, as they preferred cooperation with progressive parties instead of the CHU and in particular the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) in the De Jong cabinet.[20] To prevent this group from frustrating the cooperation, the party leaders of the three parties announced on 14 February 1968 that for the next election they would either unite in one Christian party or would only join the cabinet together.[21] This led to a group of KVP radicals leaving the party the same month to found the Political Party of Radicals (PPR).[22] Two years later, a group of ARP radicals would leave their party to form the Evangelical Progressive Party (EPV).[23]
In 1969, the Group of Eighteen recommended writing a common "urgency programme",[24] which the parties finalised shortly before the 1971 general election in which they again lost seats.[25] As a follow-up to the Group of Eighteen, the Contact Council was created in 1972 to further elaborate the cooperation.[26] Led by KVP Senator Piet Steenkamp, it produced a memorandum in June 1972, recommending a single candidate list for the next election and the creation of a Christian democratic movement of which members of the three parties would be member as well as direct members.[27]
A month later however, the first Biesheuvel cabinet fell, leaving to little time to prepare a single list and leading to another electoral loss in the 1972 general election.[29] The cooperation was frustrated by the 1972–1973 formation of the Den Uyl cabinet, in which the progressive parties were able to get a few KVP and ARP politicians to become ministers. This forced their parliamentary groups to provide confidence and supply, while CHU went in opposition.[30][31] Nevertheless, based on the memorandum, the Christian Democratic Appeal was officially formed as a federation in 1973,[32] with Steenkamp as its chairperson.[33] Within the federation, there was discussion about the foundation of the cooperation, in particular whether members had to accept or agree with the evangelical guidelines.[28]
The federation was founding member of the European People's Party on 8 July 1978.[34]
Van Agt cabinets, 1977–1982
[edit]In 1976, the three parties announced that they would field a single candidate list at the 1977 general election. KVP minister of Justice Dries van Agt was the lead candidate with a focus on "ethical revival". The list was able to get one seat more than the three parties together five years earlier. Based on the results, a cabinet of PvdA, CDA and Democrats 66 (D66) was most likely and was discussed at the start of the 1977 cabinet formation. After seven months, the negotiations finally collapsed, after it had been suspended multiple times. Soon after, Van Agt was able to form the first Van Agt cabinet with the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Some progressive MPs, including parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes, did not commit to support the cabinet, but only tolerated it. They were known as the loyalists.
On 11 October 1980, the three original parties ceased to exist and the CDA was founded as a unitary party.[35] It led to another group of members leaving the party and joining with the EPV to found the Evangelical People's Party (EVP).[23]
After the 1981 general election, the VVD and the CDA lost their majority, and the CDA was forced to cooperate with the PvdA. Den Uyl became Deputy Prime Minister under van Agt. The second Van Agt cabinet was troubled by ideological and personal conflicts, and fell after one year.
Lubbers cabinets, 1982–1994
[edit]After the 1982 general election, the new CDA leader, Ruud Lubbers (formerly of the KVP), formed a majority coalition with the VVD. The first Lubbers cabinet set an ambitious reform program in motion, which included budget cuts, reform of the old age and disability pensions and liberalisation of public services. Lubbers was reelected in 1986 and in 1989. In 1989, however, the CDA only garnered a minimal majority with the VVD, which they had also gradually fallen out with during the previous cabinet, leading the CDA to instead cooperate with the PvdA in the new government. In the third Lubbers cabinet, a CDA–PvdA coalition, the ambitious reform project was continued, with some adaptations and protests from the PvdA.
Opposition to Purple, 1994–2002
[edit]The 1994 general election was fraught with problems for the CDA; personal conflicts between retiring prime minister Lubbers and lead candidate Elco Brinkman, a lack of support for the reforms of old age and disability pensions, and the perceived arrogance of the CDA caused a dramatic defeat at the polls. A new coalition was formed between PvdA and the liberal parties VVD and Democrats 66 (D66), consigning the CDA to opposition for the first time ever. It was also the first government without any Christian democratic ministers since 1918. The party was marred by subsequent internal battles over leadership. The party also reflected on its principals: the party began to orient itself more toward communitarian ideals.
Balkenende cabinets, 2002–2010
[edit]In the tumultuous 2002 general election, which saw the murder of right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn, many people voted for the CDA, hoping that it could bring some stability to Dutch politics. The CDA led the first Balkenende cabinet, which included the VVD and the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF). This cabinet fell due to internal struggles within the LPF. After the 2003 general election, the Christian Democrats were forced to begin cabinet negotiations with the PvdA. Personal animosity between Balkenende and the leader of the PvdA, Wouter Bos, frustrated these negotiations. Balkenende eventually formed a coalition with the VVD and D66. The coalition proposed an ambitious program of reforms, including more restrictive immigration laws, democratisation of political institutions and reforms of the system of social security and labour laws.
After the 2006 general election the CDA changed their course radically: they formed a new fourth cabinet Balkenende still led by Balkenende, but now with the PvdA and the Christian Union (CU). The cabinet was more progressive, entailing increased government spending.
Rutte cabinets, 2010–2023
[edit]In the 2010 general election, the CDA lost half of its seats. Balkenende announced his resignation as party leader and was replaced by Maxime Verhagen. At first, Verhagen was aiming for opposition during the 2010 cabinet formation. However, after talks between purple plus collapsed, CDA entered negotiations with VVD and Party for Freedom (PVV), the latter would be providing confidence and supply. Within the party, some opposed a coalition with the radical right PVV. Verhagen's co-negotiator resigned over the negotiations and two other MPs threatened to oppose the coalition, which would make it lose its majority. A party convention was held to approve the result of the negotiations, which 68% of the record 4,700 members did.[36] On 14 October, the first Rutte cabinet was sworn in with Verhagen as Deputy Prime Minister.
After the fall of the short-lived first Rutte cabinet in 2012, held a leadership election. On 18 May 2012, the party announced that the leadership elections were won by Sybrand Buma, with runner-up Mona Keijzer receiving 26% of the votes. Buma would bring calm to the party, while following an explicitly right-conservative course, but would not lead to electoral recovery.[37] In the general election on 12 September 2012, the CDA fell to 13 seats and fell outside the second Rutte cabinet after the 2012 cabinet formation. In the 2017 general election, the CDA gained sixed seats[38] and would join the third Rutte cabinet, with the VVD, D66 and CU.
Buma resigned in May 2019 and was replaced as parliamentary leader by Pieter Heerma. A leadership election did not take place until July 2020. The chaotic election was narrowly won by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport Hugo de Jonge, with MP Pieter Omtzigt as runner-up. De Jonge withdrew as lead candidate in December, because he could not combine it with his duties during the COVID-19 pandemic. In his place, the party board appointed Minister of Finance Wopke Hoekstra. The party lost four seats in the March 2021 election. After the longest ever cabinet formation the party continued in fourth Rutte cabinet, which had the same composition as the previous. During the formation, Omtzigt had left the party, alleging he had been treated unfairly in the party, and later started the party New Social Contract (NSC). During the cabinet period, the party struggled with its position in the nitrogen crisis and the farmers' protests that followed. The party faced electoral competition from the new political party Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) on this issue.
Opposition, 2023–present
[edit]For the November 2023 general election, MP Henri Bontenbal was selected as party leader. The party received its worst result ever, securing only five seats.[39]
Ideology
[edit]The CDA is a centre[40][41][42] to centre-right[43][44][45][46] Christian democratic and socially conservative party. Christian values are seen as only one source of inspiration for individual members of the States General. The party also has Jewish, Muslim and Hindu members of parliament and favours the integration of minorities into Dutch culture.
The party has four main ideals: stewardship, solidarity, shared responsibility and public justice. Shared responsibility refers to the way society should be organised: not one organisation should control all society, instead the state, the market, and social institutions, like churches and unions should work together. This is called sphere sovereignty, a core concept of neo-Calvinist political philosophy. Furthermore, this refers to the way the state should be organised. Not one level of the state should have total control; instead, responsibility should be shared between local, provincial, national and European governments. This is called subsidiarity in Catholic political thought. With stewardship the Christian Democrats refer to the way the planet ought to be treated: the Earth is a gift from God. Therefore, we should try to preserve our environment.[47]
Election results
[edit]House of Representatives
[edit]Election | Lead candidate | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1977 | Dries van Agt | List | 2,653,416 | 31.9 | 49 / 150
|
1 | Coalition |
1981 | List | 2,677,259 | 30.8 | 48 / 150
|
1 | Coalition | |
1982 | List | 2,420,441 | 29.4 | 45 / 150
|
3 | Coalition | |
1986 | Ruud Lubbers | List | 3,172,918 | 34.6 | 54 / 150
|
9 | Coalition |
1989 | List | 3,140,502 | 35.3 | 54 / 150
|
Coalition | ||
1994 | Elco Brinkman | List | 1,996,418 | 22.2 | 34 / 150
|
20 | Opposition |
1998 | Jaap de Hoop Scheffer | List | 1,581,053 | 18.4 | 29 / 150
|
5 | Opposition |
2002 | Jan Peter Balkenende | List | 2,653,723 | 27.9 | 43 / 150
|
14 | Coalition |
2003 | List | 2,763,480 | 28.6 | 44 / 150
|
1 | Coalition | |
2006 | List | 2,608,573 | 26.5 | 41 / 150
|
3 | Coalition | |
2010 | List | 1,281,886 | 13.6 | 21 / 150
|
20 | Coalition | |
2012 | Sybrand Buma | List | 801,620 | 8.5 | 13 / 150
|
8 | Opposition |
2017 | List | 1,301,796 | 12.4 | 19 / 150
|
6 | Coalition | |
2021 | Wopke Hoekstra | List | 989,385 | 9.5 | 15 / 150
|
4 | Coalition |
2023 | Henri Bontenbal | List | 345,822 | 3.3 | 5 / 150
|
10 | Opposition |
Senate
[edit]Election | Votes | Weight | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1977[b] | 24 / 75
|
5 | |||
1980 | 27 / 75
|
3 | |||
1981 | 28 / 75
|
1 | |||
1983 | 26 / 75
|
2 | |||
1986 | 26 / 75
|
||||
1987 | 26 / 75
|
||||
1991 | 27 / 75
|
1 | |||
1995 | 19 / 75
|
8 | |||
1999 | 20 / 75
|
1 | |||
2003 | 46,848 | 29.0 | 23 / 75
|
3 | |
2007 | 43,501 | 26.7 | 21 / 75
|
2 | |
2011 | 86 | 24,260 | 14.6 | 11 / 75
|
10 |
2015 | 89 | 25,145 | 14.9 | 12 / 75
|
1 |
2019 | 76 | 19,756 | 11.4 | 9 / 75
|
3 |
2023 | 47 | 13,136 | 7.3 | 6 / 75
|
3 |
European Parliament
[edit]Election | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979 | List | 2,017,743 | 35.60 | 10 / 25
|
New | EPP |
1984 | List | 1,590,218 | 30.02 | 8 / 25
|
2 | |
1989 | List | 1,813,035 | 34.60 | 10 / 25
|
2 | |
1994 | List | 1,271,840 | 30.77 | 10 / 31
|
0 | |
1999 | List | 951,898 | 26.94 | 9 / 31
|
1 | EPP–ED |
2004 | List | 1,164,431 | 24.43 | 7 / 27
|
2 | |
2009 | List | 913,233 | 20.05 | 5 / 25
|
2 | EPP |
5 / 26
|
0 | |||||
2014 | List | 721,766 | 15.18 | 5 / 26
|
0 | |
2019 | List | 669,555 | 12.18 | 4 / 26
|
1 | |
5 / 29
|
1 | |||||
2024 | List | 589,205 | 9.45 | 3 / 31
|
2 |
Electorate
[edit]The core electorate of the CDA are church members, both Catholics and Protestants. Part of the electoral decline can be attributed to secularisation (9-10 seats in the period 1970-2010), while church members increasingly have been voting for other (mostly non-religious) parties (10-14 seats in the period 1970-2010). Non church members at times also vote for CDA, with a record during the 2002 general election.[48]
CDA is issue owner of "norms and values".[49]
2021-2023
[edit]Voter surveys held after the March 2021 general election and the March 2023 provincial elections showed that the average CDA voter's self-placement on a left-right axis was slightly to the right of the average voter. They were slightly less supportive of euthanasia and climate policy. CDA voters were more opposed to immigration than the average voter in 2021, but this difference had disappeared by 2023. 2023 CDA voters also had more trust in political parties than the average voter. The average CDA voter was older than the average voter, at 63 in 2021 (compared to 55 among all voters) and 61 in 2023 (compared to 56 among all voters). Around 60% of CDA voters described themselves as religious, a proportion twice as high as the proportion among all voters. Around 60 to 70% of CDA voters lived in rural areas, compared to roughly half of all voters. CDA voters felt considerably more connected to other people than voters of other parties and, in 2023, were slightly happier about their life.[50]
Organisation
[edit]Linked organisations
[edit]The youth movement of the CDA is the Christian Democratic Youth Appeal (CDJA). The CDA publishes a monthly magazine, and its scientific bureau publishes the Christian Democratic Explorations (Dutch: Christen-Democratische Verkenningen).
As an effect of pillarisation, the CDA still has many personal and ideological ties with religious organisations, such as the broadcasting societies KRO and NCRV, the newspaper Trouw, the employers organisations NCW and the union CNV.
The CDA participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.
International organisations
[edit]The CDA is a member of the European People's Party[51] and the Centrist Democrat International.[52]
See also
[edit]- List of party leaders
- List of party chairs
- List of parliamentary leaders in the House of Representatives
- List of parliamentary leaders in the Senate
- List of members of the European Parliament
Citations
[edit]- ^ "Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024" [Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024]. University of Groningen (in Dutch). Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "Politieke fracties". Benelux Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Kees Van Kerbergen; André Krouwel (2013). "A double-edged sword! The Dutch centre-right and the 'foreigners issue'". In Tim Bale (ed.). Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – Matter. Routledge. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-317-96827-6.
- ^ Wijbrandt H. Van Schuur; Gerrit Voerman (2010). "Democracy in Retreat? Decline in political party membership: the case of the Netherlands". In Barbara Wejnert (ed.). Democratic Paths and Trends. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-85724-091-0.
- ^ Christopher Anderson (1995). Blaming the Government: Citizens and the Economy in Five European Democracies. M.E. Sharpe. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-56324-448-3. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Paul Lucardie; Hans-Martien Tennapel (1996). "Between Confessionalism and Liberal-Conservatism: the Christian Democratic Parties of Belgium and the Netherlands". In David Hanley (ed.). Christian Democracy in Europe. A&C Black. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85567-382-3.
- ^ Lucardie 2004, pp. 169–170.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, p. 31.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 25–28.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 52–55.
- ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 39.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 79–86.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 86–92.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 112–119.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 119–121.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 121–127.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 138–143.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 143–145.
- ^ a b "Evangelische Volkspartij (EVP)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 154–156.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 160–162.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 181–194.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 196–201.
- ^ a b Gradus et al. 2012, p. 59.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 201–207.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 207–211.
- ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 57.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 211–219.
- ^ Ten Napel 1992, p. 219.
- ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 63.
- ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 69.
- ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 85.
- ^ Van der Meer, Tom W.G. (5 June 2023). "Rust én stilstand: het CDA in de Buma-jaren" (in Dutch). Christen Democratische Verkenningen. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
- ^ Kiesraad (21 March 2017). "Kerngegevens Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2017 - Rapport - Kiesraad.nl". kiesraad.nl.
- ^ "NOS - Uitslagen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023". app.nos.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ "Kieskompas". Kieskompas. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021."Netherlands". Freedom in the World 2003. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Bremmer, Ian (13 September 2012). "Going Dutch: The Netherlands' election results roll in". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Delcker, Janosch (18 February 2018). "Risk of bioweapon attack growing, Dutch defense minister says". POLITICO. Munich. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
Bijlevel, a member of the centrist Christian Democratic Appeal party, said that the technology for creating biological weapons had advanced dramatically in recent years, while at the same time "the international community continues to underestimate this risk".
- ^ Weaver, Matthew (16 March 2017). "Dutch elections: Rutte starts coalition talks after beating Wilders into second – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Syuzanna Vasilyan (2009). "The integration crisis in the Netherlands: the causes and the new policy measures". In Ditta Dolejšiová; Miguel Angel García López (eds.). European Citizenship in the Process of Construction: Challenges for Citizenship, Citizenship Education and Democratic Practice in Europe. Council of Europe. p. 73. ISBN 978-92-871-6478-0.
- ^ Hans Vollaard; Gerrit Voerman; Nelleke van de Walle (2015). "The Netherlands". In Donatella M. Viola (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
- ^ Kees Van Kerbergen; André Krouwel (2013). "A double-edged sword! The Dutch centre-right and the 'foreigners issue'". In Tim Bale (ed.). Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – Matter. Routledge. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-317-96827-6.
- ^ "Uitgangspunten". CDA (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ Te Grotenhuis, Manfred; Van der Meer, Tom; Eisinga, Rob; Pelzer, Ben (2012). "In hoeverre bepalen ontkerkelijking en gewijzigd stemgedrag onder kerkleden het aantal CDA-Kamerzetels?" (PDF). Christen Democratische Verkenningen (in Dutch).
- ^ Van der Meer, Tom (14 February 2019). "Zonder eigen kernwaarde zwabbert CDA". Stuk Rood Vlees. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Plaatjes van de electoraatjes 2023: het CDA". StukRoodVlees. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ "European People's Party". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Parties". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
References
[edit]- Gradus, Raymond; Harinck, George; Hoentjen, Karin; Van Kessel, Alexander; ten Napel, Hans-Martien (2012). Canon van de Christendemocratie (PDF) (in Dutch). Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor het CDA. ISBN 9789074493796.
- Lucardie, Paul (2004). Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (eds.). Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained? Christian Democracy in the Netherlands. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 159–177. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.
- Ten Napel, H.-M.T.D. (1992). 'Een eigen weg' De totstandkoming van het CDA (1952-1980) (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9789024266258.
Notes
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Bosmans, Jac (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). The Primacy of Domestic Politics: Christian Democracy in the Netherlands. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 47–58. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
- Kroeger, Pieter Gerrit (2020). Tand des tijds (in Dutch). Prometheus. ISBN 9789044633665.
- Voerman, Gerrit (2011). De conjunctuur van de macht (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789461051073.
External links
[edit]- Media related to Christen Democratisch Appèl at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties about CDA (in Dutch)