Jump to content

Gerhard Marcks

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gerhard Marcks
Gerhard Marcks (left) with Helmut Schmidt
Born18 February 1889
Died13 November 1981(1981-11-13) (aged 92)
Burgbrohl, West Germany
NationalityGerman

Gerhard Marcks (18 February 1889 – 13 November 1981) was a German artist, known primarily as a sculptor, but who is also known for his drawings, woodcuts, lithographs and ceramics.

Early life

[edit]

Marcks was born in Berlin, where, at the age of 18, he worked as an apprentice to sculptor Richard Scheibe.[citation needed] In 1914, he married Maria Schmidtlein, with whom he would raise six children. During World War I, he served in the German army, which resulted in long-term health problems.[citation needed]

With architect Walter Gropius, German-American painter Lyonel Feininger, Scheibe and others, Marcks was a member of two art-related political groups, the Novembergruppe (November Group) and the Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Workers Council for Art).[citation needed] He was also affiliated with the Deutscher Werkbund, of which Gropius was a founding member.[citation needed]

Bauhaus master

[edit]

In 1919, when Gropius founded the Bauhaus, in Weimar, Marcks was one of the first three faculty members to be hired, along with Feininger and Johannes Itten. Specifically, Marcks was appointed the Formmeister (Form Master) of the school's Pottery Workshop, which was located not in Weimar but in an annex to the school in nearby Dornburg.[1] The other teacher in that workshop, its Lehrmeister (Crafts Master) was Master Potter Max Krehan, the last of a long line of potters, whose workshop was in Dornburg. Krehan taught the students to throw pots on the wheel, to trim and glaze them, and to fire the kiln. Marcks, in addition to duties in Weimar, taught the history of the practice, encouraged experimentation, and sometimes decorated pots.[citation needed]

Earlier, Marcks had made the models for a series of animal sculptures, which were reproduced in China by a porcelain factory. His interest in animal forms is reflected in the work he made for his first Bauhaus portfolio (Neue Europaeische Graphik I), such as Die Katzen ("The Cats") and Die Eule ("The Owl"), both woodcuts.[citation needed] In time, his focus shifted to the human figure, and it was this subject that continued to hold his attention for the rest of his life.

Further career

[edit]

In September 1925, the Bauhaus was relocated to Dessau, and its pottery workshop was discontinued. Marcks moved instead to the Kunstgewerbeschule (School of Applied Arts) in Burg Giebichenstein near Halle.[1] After the death of its director, Paul Thiersch, Marcks was named his replacement, a position he continued in until 1933.[citation needed] He was fired because his work was deemed unsuitable by the Nazis, with the result that several works were in the infamous exhibition of "degenerate art" in Munich in 1937, along with that of other Bauhaus artists, among them Herbert Bayer, Lyonel Feininger, Johannes Itten, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Schlemmer and Lothar Schreyer.[citation needed]

Despite such persecution, Marcks continued to live in Germany (in Mecklenburg) throughout World War II. In 1937, when twenty-four of his works were confiscated and destroyed by the Nazis, he was prohibited from exhibiting and threatened with being forbidden to work.[citation needed] During this period, he made several trips to Italy, where he worked in the Villa Romana in Florence and the Villa Massimo in Rome. In 1943, his studio in Berlin was bombed during an air raid, and many of his works destroyed.[citation needed]

After World War II, Marcks became Professor of Sculpture at the Landeskunstschule (Regional Art School) in Hamburg, where he taught for four years, before retiring to Cologne. He also designed memorials for soldiers and civilians who had died in the war, and his work was part of the art competitions at three Olympic Games.[2]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Marcks died in 1981 in Burgbrohl, Eifel. A decade earlier, the museum called Gerhard Marcks Haus, which houses a permanent exhibition of his artwork, was established in his honor in Bremen, Germany. In this museum are 12,000 of his sketches and preparatory drawings, 900 prints, and all his sculptures (about 350). In the U.S., there is a collection of Marcks' work (68 drawings, 65 prints and 9 nine bronze sculptures) at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, most of which were given to that school by his former student and close associate, Marguerite Wildenhain. Of particular note is a monumental Marcks bronze statue titled Oedipus and Antigone (1960), which was installed there in 2000.[3] His niece, the well-known caricaturist Marie Marcks (1922-2014) was called the Grande Dame of political caricature.[4]

Honors and exhibitions

[edit]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On the Philosophikum campus of the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (the first casting, 1961, is in front of the Stadttheater in Aachen)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). Design of the 20th Century (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 447. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.
  2. ^ "Gerhard Marcks". Olympedia. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Gerhard Marcks". Luther College Fine Arts Collection. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Marie Marcks Centenary – DHM-Blog | Deutsches Historisches Museum". Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Marcks, Gerhard". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Gerhard-Marcks-Haus Bremen". Gerhard Marcks (in German). 20 September 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  7. ^ Arend, Ingo (7 January 2020). "Geschichte der documenta: Aus dem mythischen Dunkel". Die Tageszeitung: Taz (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Goethe-Plakette". Frankfurt.de (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Gerhard Marcks". Orden Pour le Mérite (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Gerhard Marcks". Galerie Pamme-Vogelsang (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Kunstpreis Berlin Jubiläumsstiftung 1848/1948". Akademie der Künste, Berlin (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Gerhard-Marcks-Straße – Bildung im Vorübergehen". Bürgerstiftung Halle (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  13. ^ Borngen, F. (9 April 1991). "IAU Minor Planet Center". IAU Minor Planet Center (in Malay). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
[edit]